The Industrial Age ( ) Social Studies Ms. Hermanns

Introduction Second Industrial Revolution: rapid growth in manufacturing in US in the late 1800s, led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication. Second Industrial Revolution: rapid growth in manufacturing in US in the late 1800s, led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication. Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. A rush of inventions changed Americans’ lives. A rush of inventions changed Americans’ lives.

Railroads Transcontinental railroad – from the Atlantic to the Pacific Transcontinental railroad – from the Atlantic to the Pacific Improved transportation Improved transportation Expanded businesses across the entire country. Expanded businesses across the entire country.

Growth Problems Needed more locomotives, cars, and tracks Needed more locomotives, cars, and tracks Had to pay workers to lay tracks Had to pay workers to lay tracks Needed capital resources…money $$$ Needed capital resources…money $$$ –Money from the government –Money from investors – invest to buy shares in the hope of making money. Shares are called stocks. –Money from Corporations – businesses that sell shares Railroad was the 1 st business to become a corporation! Railroad was the 1 st business to become a corporation!

The Steel Industry Locomotives became too heavy for iron Locomotives became too heavy for iron Used steel, but was more expensive Used steel, but was more expensive Inventors found a new way to make steel quicker and cheaper Inventors found a new way to make steel quicker and cheaper –Henry Bessemer Bessemer Process: blasts hot air through melted iron to remove impurities Bessemer Process: blasts hot air through melted iron to remove impurities

Advances in the use of oil and electricity Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s. Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil. A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

Telephone New telegraph technology connected the United States with Britain by cable in Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900.

Morse Code Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code Dots and dashes Dots and dashes Used electricity along iron wires Used electricity along iron wires

Phonograph and light bulb Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) –American inventor and businessman – invented the phonograph and the long- lasting, electric light bulb.

Airplanes

Big Business

Andrew Carnegie Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks with money) Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks with money) Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania Very successful Very successful Built many more Built many more Bought coal and iron mines, ships, so he could lower cost of his steel Bought coal and iron mines, ships, so he could lower cost of his steel

Carnegie Steel Company Biggest steel business in United States Biggest steel business in United States He became one of the richest people in the world He became one of the richest people in the world

John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller –24 years old –Built an oil refinery in Ohio Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE products. Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE products. –Bought other refineries Monopoly – almost complete control Monopoly – almost complete control

Business Leaders Andrew Carnegie One of most admired businesspeople of the time Focused on steelmaking Used vertical integration, owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company was country’s largest refinery Developed horizontal integration, owning all businesses in a field Formed a trust, grouping many companies under a single board Leland Stanford Made fortune selling equipment to miners Governor of California, one of founders of Central Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford University

Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration Vertical Integration: Owns all stages of production Vertical Integration: Owns all stages of production Horizontal Integration: Several plants produce similar products Horizontal Integration: Several plants produce similar products Mine Steel factoryRailroads Dan’s OilHank’s Oil Rick’s Oil

Social Darwinism Many business leaders believed in Social Darwinism. Many business leaders believed in Social Darwinism. –Darwin’s “survival of fittest” applied to which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general.

Sherman Antitrust Movement Some people were concerned when a trust gained a monopoly, or total ownership of a product or service. The Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890 made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. – –The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce. – –Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size and power.

Industrial Workers

New Industrial Cities Inland cities Inland cities Close to resources needed by mills and refineries Close to resources needed by mills and refineries Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan Railroad hubs…cities where trains make stops on their way to other places. Railroad hubs…cities where trains make stops on their way to other places.

Building Railroads Needed 1000’s of workers Needed 1000’s of workers Most immigrants were from Ireland and China Most immigrants were from Ireland and China Civil War Veterans Civil War Veterans African Americans African Americans Mexican Americans Mexican Americans

Dangerous Work 400 rails per mile 400 rails per mile Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamite Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamite Built bridges across canyons Built bridges across canyons Blasted through rock for tunnels Blasted through rock for tunnels Chinese usually did the explosives Chinese usually did the explosives –Lowered by basket –Drilled hole –Lit dynamite –Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!! –Worked year round in all kinds of weather –Avalanches, snowdrifts, and attacks

Work in Factories Small, crowded rooms Small, crowded rooms So many workers….low wages So many workers….low wages Didn’t make enough to support family Didn’t make enough to support family Kids had to work, too Kids had to work, too 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers 60 cents for 8 hrs. work 60 cents for 8 hrs. work Walked 22 miles a day carrying glass Walked 22 miles a day carrying glass Unsafe machines so many accidents happened Unsafe machines so many accidents happened

Poor Working Conditions

Owners against Workers Workers spoke out about problems Workers spoke out about problems Some went on strike Some went on strike –Usually just got FIRED! –Formed labor union – group of workers who join together

Samuel Gompers Early labor union leader Early labor union leader 13 years old worked as a cigar maker 13 years old worked as a cigar maker Federation – made up of many member groups Federation – made up of many member groups AFL American Federation of Labor AFL American Federation of Labor –Wanted 8 hr. days –Better working conditions –End to child labor –Accident insurance

Labor Unions and Strikes Going on strike was the most important way unions had to get the owners’ attention Going on strike was the most important way unions had to get the owners’ attention Sometimes became violent Sometimes became violent –Harvesting Machine Company strike –Bomb killed seven police

Homestead Strike Carnegie steel mill Carnegie steel mill –Announced a pay cut –Workers went on strike to protest –Detectives hired to protect the mill –Angry union workers and detectives got in a fight killing people from both sides

Homestead Steel Mill

Pullman Strike Began with workers who made Pullman train cars Began with workers who made Pullman train cars Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars Federal troops stopped strike. Federal troops stopped strike.

Government and Business Wanted government to help improve working conditions Wanted government to help improve working conditions Factory owners did not want the government to get involved. Factory owners did not want the government to get involved. Government did not want to get involved. Government did not want to get involved. –Thought businesses would grow best if they left them alone to make decisions.