Molecular Biology and Evolution JEOPARDY!! Transcription and RNA Processing Translation and Genetic Code More Translation and Mutations Evolution 1Evolution

10 10 Transcription and RNA Processing The gene sequence that indicates the start of a gene is called….

10 TATA box or promoter (TATAAA) Transcription and RNA Processing

20 20 Transcription and RNA Processing The enzyme that adds complementary RNA strands to the template DNA

20 20 Transcription and RNA Processing RNA Polymerase

30 30 Transcription and RNA Processing To protect the mRNA from destruction by cytoplasmic enzymes, it needs…

30 30 Transcription and RNA Processing A “G” cap and a poly “A” tail

30 Community 1

40 40 Transcription and RNA Processing Why is mRNA at the ribosome shorter than it was in the nucleus?

40 40 Transcription and RNA Processing RNA splicing– introns are removed and exons are pasted together.

50 50 Transcription and RNA Processing To begin transcription, the TATA box must be bound by…

50 Transcription Factors Transcription and RNA Processing

10 The genetic code consists of… Translation and Genetic Code

Codons (3 nucleotide sequences on mRNA) 10 Translation and Genetic Code

20 What is translation? Translation and Genetic Code

Conversion of nucleic acid language to amino acid language to build a protein 20 Translation and Genetic Code

30 What does tRNA do in translation? Translation and Genetic Code

Joins to a specific amino acid and transfer it by matching its anticodon to the codon on mRNA at the ribosome 30 Translation and Genetic Code

40 What happens during initiation of translation? Translation and Genetic Code

mRNA joins with the small ribosomal subunit, which is then joined by a tRNA, and then joined by the large ribosomal subunit. 40 Translation and Genetic Code

50 Why is it significant that there are 64 codons for 20 amino acids? Translation and Genetic Code

50 Mutations can still occur with potentially no noticeable effect on the phenotype. Translation and Genetic Code

10 More Translation and Mutations Any mutation that affects a single nucleotide is called…

Point Mutation 10 More Translation and Mutations

20 A point mutation that involves a single nucleotide switched with another is called a… More Translation and Mutations

*Substitution 20

30 Frameshift mutations can be caused by… More Translation and Mutations

30 Insertions or deletions

40 List the sequence of events in translation. More Translation and Mutations

40 *Initiation *Elongation *Termination

50 In terms of transcription and translation, how does genotype determine phenotype? More Translation and Mutations

50 *the information from the gene on DNA that was inherited from parents is the genotype. It is transcribed onto mRNA, and eventually translated into a protein. The protein is the phenotype (expression of the genotype)

10 Evolution 1 What does the theory of evolution suggest about all living organisms?

10 Evolution 1 All living organisms came from a common ancestor.

20 Studying preserved organisms in sedimentary rock is used as what? Evolution 1

20 Evidence of Evolution

30 Evolution 1 When looking at structures that are very similar but different in function, what kind of evidence of evolution are you studying?

30 Evolution 1 Homologous structures

40 Evolution 1 A fire wipes out an entire population of organisms. A few survive, reproduce, and give rise to a new population. This is an example of…

40 Evolution 1 *Bottleneck effect (Genetic Drift)

50 Evolution 1 Variation in a population is only significant if what?

50 Evolution 1 *The variation allows for traits that increase the fitness of the population. *Beneficial traits are heritable and are passed on through reproduction.

10 My name is Bond, Ionic Bond; Taken, not shared! Evolution 2

10 Population Growth From: Mariano Cecowski Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in Alaska fall into the water which one disolves faster? A: The one in Alaska because it is HIJKLMNO

10 Population Growth Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson. Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room he's in. Urine - The opposite of "You're out!" Benign: What we want when we are eight. Intestine - Currently taking an exam CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport

10 Evolution 2 Dark colored moths outnumbered light colored moths in Manchester England during the Industrial Revolution. How would Lamarck explain this phenomenon?

10 Evolution 2 According to his Theory of Evolution by Acquired Characteristics, Lamarck would suggest that the light colored moths turned dark colored, reproduced, and passed on this acquired trait to the next generation.

10 Genetics 2

20 Evolution 2 Dark colored moths outnumbered light colored moths in Manchester England during the Industrial Revolution. How would Darwin explain this phenomenon?

Darwin would have explained through his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Light moths were easily seen by predators and therefore more likely to be eaten. Dark moths were naturally selected to survive in that their dark traits allowed them to blend into their environment. The dark moths survived, reproduced, and overtime there were more dark colored moths in the population. 20 Evolution 2

30 Variation within a population comes from….

30 Evolution 2 *new allele combinations that arise from mutations.

30 Genetics 2

40 Evolution 2 Darwin observed selective breeding of dogs to help him better understand natural selection. What did he call this type of selective breeding?

40 Evolution 2 *artificial selection

50 Evolution 2 Upon application of a pesticide in her garden, Sally initially found it to be an effective method to destroy the pests. Within a few months, the pesticide was completely ineffective and her garden was being destroyed by pests. (a)Why did the pesticide become ineffective? (b)What should she do?

50 Evolution 2 (a)The pesticide destroyed 99% of the pests, but 1% had a mutation that enabled them immunity to the pesticide. The pesticide-resistant pests then reproduce, and overtime their population increased in the garden. (b)Sally will need to get a new pesticide