I. Categories of Oceanographers 1. CHEMICAL Oceanographer – –composition of sea water, salts and physical properties (eg. DENSITY, TEMPERATURE).

2. BIOLOGICAL Oceanographer– syn. MARINE BIOLOGIST studies organisms, types, abundance, temporal variation, productivity and their controlling factors.

3. GEOLOGICAL Oceanographer - two areas 1.Volcanic rocks and basins (opening and closing) 2.Sediments- paleo oceanography.

4. PHYSICAL Oceanographer - various styles of motion (currents surface and deep water) waves and tides.

GLOBE TOSSING ACTIVITY

II. OCEAN INFORMATION A. DIVIDING THE EARTH –LOCATE POINTS ON THE MAP USING COORDINATES. –n/s e/w –LONGITUDE 360 VERTICAL (spacing distorted north to south) –Prime Meridian Greenwich England (zero degrees)

LATITUDE horizontal zero is the equator Spacing is equal north to south circumference at the equator is 40,000 km or 24,902 miles

Practice Problems Bombay or Mumbai India Havana Cuba Anchorage Alaska Aukland New Zealand Rio De Janeiro Columbus Ohio

Answers Bombay or Mumbai India Havana Cuba Anchorage Alaska Aukland New Zealand Rio De Janero Columbus Ohio 20N 73E 20N 80W 60N 160W 40S 175E 23S 44W 38N 83W Hurricane Floyd

B. THE OCEANS vol. P= Atl. + Indian 37% of the earth's surface, deepest point (Marianas Trench 11Km),deepest ave. depth, coldest, salinity 34.6 o/oo temp PACIFIC OCEAN Google Earth

2. Atlantic Ocean shallowest, warmest, saltiest, Sal o/oo temp 3.7C "Marginal Seas" (Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean) water gets trapped and becomes saltier because of evaporation, then spills back into the Atlantic

evaporation Dense water sinks

3. INDIAN OCEAN slightly smaller than the Atlantic temp. 3.7C salinity 34.8 o/oo Monsoons- seasonal shift in currents

4. ANTARCTIC OCEAN a.k.a.(Southern Ocean) area of mixing of the three other major oceans, narrow shelf of the continent, no freshwater input Look at the "Southern Ocean" from the south pole. Extensive exchange of water between Atlantic, Indian and Pacific

5. ARCTIC OCEAN smallest, shallowest, isolated from other oceans, except for the Bering Sea, Fram Strait. Persistent pack ice, thicker and harder at the center. Broad shelf and much fresh water input. Predicted to be ice-free in the summer by 2050

III. TRIVIA Ave. depth of ocean = 3800 m 4 km Ave. elevation of a continent 800m Distribution of water and land on the surface 70% water 30% land Northern Hemisphere 60% 40% Southern Hemisphere 80% 20%