Period 4 ( ) Aim: How did European companies facilitate new global circulation of goods? (Atlantic Slave Trade) DO NOW: 1) How did trade change from Period 3 to Period 4? Review Maritime trade grows more important than Trans- Saharan trade Africans play vital role in global economy Slaves become main export Slave trade transforms & disrupts parts of Africa, leaves others unaffected European colonization Review Trans-Saharan trade connects Sub-Saharan Africa Trade empires rise: Ghana, Mali, Songhay in W. Africa Swahili city-states on east coast of Africa Gold and ivory Many merchants and elites convert to Islam Large number of Africans remain organized in kin-based tribes

Atlantic Slave Trade - Overview Most important link between Africa and the Atlantic World Slaves sought for plantation labor Africans traded for manufactured goods Weapons traded- sometimes strengthened military forces Ended in 19 th cen. Foundations of Slave Trade Slavery was not a new concept Bantu migrations spread agriculture, need for labor War captives, criminals Some slaves worked as administrators, soldiers, advisors African law and society led to slaves being seen as private investment Muslim merchants sold slaves in Africa, Arabia and Persia Merchants captured innocent people when demand was up

Middle Passage Portuguese use slaves in Brazil’s sugar industry Spanish colonies need labor in Caribbean and Americas Capture of slaves was brutal, forced march to coast Middle Passage: 4 to 6 weeks trans-Atlantic journey Slave ships crowded, filthy, chained, 50% mortality Not enough room to stand Some slaves attempted to revolt or starve

Effects of Slave Trade Social 16 million Africans lost Several individuals societies devastated Labor diverted from Africa Sex ratios distorted Angola- polygamy practiced, women take on men’s duties Political Europeans introduced firearms as trade Firearms encouraged some kingdoms to go to war to capture slaves Kingdom of Dahomey expanded

Plantation Societies Fertile lands in the Americas Growing demand for sugar in Europe plantations established in Hispaniola 1530s – plantations in Brazil 17 th cen. – English, Dutch and French plantations Cash crops- cotton, rice, indigo, coffee Plantations specialized

Regional Differences Caribbean and S. America Slaves fell victim to malaria and Yellow Fever Hard, brutal conditions Low standards of sanitation and nutrition Low rates of reproduction (mostly men) Imported continuous streams of slaves ½ went to Caribbean, 1/3 to Brazil N. America 5 % of slaves to N. America Disease less threatening Conditions less harsh Imported large number of females- encouraged families

Resistance to Slavery Many resisted servitude Some resistance mild but costly Sabotage, slow work, running away Maroons Revolts- slaves outnumbered others Revolts led to fear by owners Most rebellions crushed Saint-Domingue revolt led to self-governing republic of Haiti

The Making of African American Cultural Traditions African traditions hard to preserve Ships mixed Africans from different regions American societies= mixed cultures European languages dominated slave societies Creole languages- mixed European and African Combined religious elements on plantations No institutionalized religion with hierarchies Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, Candomble in Brazil

End of the Slave Trade Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), U.S. (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845) Possession of slaves remain legal Clandestine trade continues to 1867 Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1833), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888) Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960s