Impact of Modernization Industrialization and Economy

I. Three Great Revolutions A. Political Revolution A. Political Revolution destroyed the great monarchies and feudalismdestroyed the great monarchies and feudalism rise of democratic societiesrise of democratic societies power resides in the peoplepower resides in the people

Three Great Revolutions, cont’d B. Scientific Revolution B. Scientific Revolution rise of scientific method, the "knowing self“rise of scientific method, the "knowing self“ technological innovations ---> industrial revolutiontechnological innovations ---> industrial revolution declining significance of a religious world view declining significance of a religious world view

Three Great Revolutions, cont’d C. Industrial Revolution C. Industrial Revolution specialized, machine-based productionspecialized, machine-based production huge increase in productivityhuge increase in productivity birth of the middle classbirth of the middle class

II. Industrialization and Economy A. Industrialization: "the replacement of living energy sources with non-living energy sources" A. Industrialization: "the replacement of living energy sources with non-living energy sources" B. Social Differentiation: "The process by which different social categories emerge and by which people come to fill those categories” C. Specialization (~~~ "the transformation from single, multiple-purpose roles to multiple, single-purpose roles) C. Specialization (~~~ "the transformation from single, multiple-purpose roles to multiple, single-purpose roles) 1. type of social differentiation1. type of social differentiation

III. Consequences of changes? A. Three general predictions: A. Three general predictions: 1. Optimistic (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations [1776])1. Optimistic (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations [1776]) dramatically increases productivity dramatically increases productivity creates new jobs creates new jobs mechanism for social organization mechanism for social organization economic interdependence: exchange relationshipseconomic interdependence: exchange relationships

Consequences (cont’d) B. Cautiously Optimistic (Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, 1893) B. Cautiously Optimistic (Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, 1893) 1. "Is specialization really a viable form of social organization?“1. "Is specialization really a viable form of social organization?“ 2. solidarity ~~~ "commonality of purpose and social identity"2. solidarity ~~~ "commonality of purpose and social identity"

Consequences (Durkheim) 3. pre-industrial societies = “mechanical solidarity“ 3. pre-industrial societies = “mechanical solidarity“ a. simple division of labor (gender and age)a. simple division of labor (gender and age) b. how will we achieve solidarity in an age of specialization?b. how will we achieve solidarity in an age of specialization?

Consequences (Durkheim) 4. Industrial societies COULD produce solidarity 4. Industrial societies COULD produce solidarity a. organic solidarity: interdependence (like Smith) b. BUT: specialization could also fragmentsociety i. produce anomie (a-nomos) ~~~ "a condition of societal normlessness" i. produce anomie (a-nomos) ~~~ "a condition of societal normlessness"

Consequences (cont’d) C. Pessimistic: Karl Marx (Capital, 1867, 1885, 1894) C. Pessimistic: Karl Marx (Capital, 1867, 1885, 1894) 1. concerned about the types of work in industrialization1. concerned about the types of work in industrialization 2. Alienation2. Alienation

Consequences (Marx) Alienation = condition of separation/ estrangement from: Alienation = condition of separation/ estrangement from: a. production process itselfa. production process itself b. finished products of our laborb. finished products of our labor c. our fellow workersc. our fellow workers d. ourselvesd. ourselves

IV. Industrialization and Stratification (another type of differentiation) (another type of differentiation) A. Stratification: “the vertical ranking of the members of a society, based upon their access to and control over scarce resources" A. Stratification: “the vertical ranking of the members of a society, based upon their access to and control over scarce resources"

Stratification (cont’d) B. Max Weber: 3 dimensions of stratification B. Max Weber: 3 dimensions of stratification 1. wealth1. wealth class stratification class stratification 2. honor (prestige)2. honor (prestige) status stratification status stratification 3. power3. power "party" (politics) "party" (politics)

V. Household Economy A. Produced subsistence A. Produced subsistence B. work was performed in and for the household B. work was performed in and for the household C. money was used as a unit of account C. money was used as a unit of account D. barter/trade for items they did not produce D. barter/trade for items they did not produce E. orientation away from the market E. orientation away from the market

VI. Capitalism Both a set of social practices AND a way of thinking about and organizing economic activities Both a set of social practices AND a way of thinking about and organizing economic activities A. 3 distinct features A. 3 distinct features 1. The Market -- impersonal buying and selling of commodities1. The Market -- impersonal buying and selling of commodities 2. Distinct Economic Institutions: orgs devoted to the mfg. and dist. of specific products2. Distinct Economic Institutions: orgs devoted to the mfg. and dist. of specific products a. "double-dependence" a. "double-dependence" 3. Profit Orientation (the "ism" of capitalism)3. Profit Orientation (the "ism" of capitalism)

Capitalism (cont’d) B. Marx: commodity production circuit: M-C-M' B. Marx: commodity production circuit: M-C-M' 1. M' = surplus value (profit)1. M' = surplus value (profit) 2. come to see all aspects of org. according to effects upon profit2. come to see all aspects of org. according to effects upon profit 3. Marx: where does added value come from?3. Marx: where does added value come from? 4. AND where does it go?4. AND where does it go? 5. Conflict5. Conflict

VII. Impact of Specialization on Stratification A. Marx: Two-Class Society (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat) A. Marx: Two-Class Society (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat) 1. Few wealthy, many poor1. Few wealthy, many poor 2. Class Consciousness2. Class Consciousness a. proletariat: a class for themselves a. proletariat: a class for themselves 3. Revolution3. Revolution 4. Capitalism ~~~ last stage on the way to a just society (Communism)4. Capitalism ~~~ last stage on the way to a just society (Communism)

Impact of Specialization on Stratification (cont’d) B. "Smith": Generally Higher Standard of Living for Most B. "Smith": Generally Higher Standard of Living for Most 1. a few wealthy1. a few wealthy 2. the majority ~~~ "middle class”2. the majority ~~~ "middle class” 3. a few poor3. a few poor

Smith’s Prediction $$$$$$$$