SOCIAL CHANGE Transformation of culture and social institutions over time. Social change is: a) inevitable b) sometimes intentional but often unplanned c) controversial d) Variable.

Causes of Social Change Sources of cultural change a) Invention b) Discovery c) Diffusion Social Conflict - Karl Marx Ideas -- Max Weber Demographic factors

Modernity Social patterns linked to industrialization Modernization -- social change that is initiated by industrialization. Characteristics of Modernization are: a) decline of small, traditional communities b) expansion of personal choice c) increase in diversity of beliefs d) future orientation and time consciousness

Ferdinand Toennies -- modernization leads to loss of community. Emile Durkheim -- modernization increases division of labor. Max Weber -- modernization replaces tradition with rationality. Karl Marx -- modernization leads to industrial capitalism.

Theoretical Analysis of Modernity Structural Functionalism Modernization leads to emergence of a mass society. A society where industry and bureaucracy have eroded traditional social ties. Two reasons why this happened: a) scale of life has increased b) the state has grown considerably

Social Conflict Sees modernity as a class society -- a stratified society. Social inequality can only be defeated through a social revolution.

Modernity and the Individual Preindustrial societies -- characterized by tradition-directedness -- conformity to time- honored traditions. Modern societies -- reflect other-direction -- receptive to latest trends and fashions.

Postmodernity Social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies. Argues that: a) modernity has failed b) promise of “progress” is fading c) science not answer to all problems d) cultural debates are intensifying e) social institutions are changing