PARTICIPATION

Rationale for Participation in Development : Emerged internationally when UN announced that 1961 – 1970 as first development decade 1971 – 1980 as second development decade

Why? Because participation became one of the ingredients in development, to complement the approaches before 1960 which had been too economic oriented.

Other characteristics of development before the 60s were: -top-down planning of development -No two-way communication between people and government -Unidirectional of development

Bottom up approach of development is necessary. This suggests the need for people participation.

Another two concepts emerged with participation: -Mobilization  process to activate the use of human resources (before they were considered passive) -Intervention  government or authority participates in the planning of program with the agreement of people.

Characteristics of community participation: Volunteer contribution Involvement of community in decision making, implementation, evaluation and sharing the benefits of development. Exercising the rights of community in problem identification and problem solving.

An effort to unite people in order to control the utilization of physical and human resources. An effort to operationalise democracy in development An educational process Empowering the community

Definition of Participation, by ILO (1985):  Initiative of community and development planners in the process of decision-making, implementation of program, evaluation and sharing the benefits of development

Definition by ILO (1984)  Mass sharing in decision-making Mass sharing in implementation Mass sharing of the benefits of development

Definition by Castillo (1986) 1)Membership in community organization 2)Contribution of personal labour, materials and monetary assistance to infrastructural, health and sanitation projects, etc. 3)Patronage of agency

4) Attendance at community assemblies – meeting, courses, workshops, dialogue 5) Cognitive participation – being the recipients of information about community activities.

Factors Contributing to Community Participation: Benefits expected to receive from participation – material gains and non-material gains Availability of organization - vehicle for participation

- organization provides leadership - CD programs are planned and implemented - organization provides structured rules, procedures and administration - used in channeling the resources

When life is being in danger - People will react in a group when life is being threatened e.g. Due to flood, dengue fever, community work is easy to mobilize.

Feeling of responsibility -Related to altruism or unselfishness or concern for others -This is a social value of wanting to participate E.g. Involvement of parent in PTA

Knowledge about program -Knowledge about any program related to the level of living of community e.g. Education E.g. Community was united to go against the Mega Project of Bakun Dam in Sarawak because they know the negative impact of the project. This was facilitated by the campaign done by NGOs.

Actors in Participation Actors are those who participate in CD Actors are many, involving many people  popular participation or people participation Who are the actors, depending on the type of programs.

Take for example Program Healthy Lifestyle for Expecting Mothers i - Target group (Mothers who are expecting babies), including family members such as husbands. ii - Hospital personnel such as doctors, specialists, nurses and support staff. iii - District clinics and the staff

iv - Researchers (IMR, University) vi - Personnel from the Ministry of Health vii - Donor agency (if any) at international level e.g. WHO viii - Community leaders such as VDSC (JKKK)