Warm Up What are Changes over time? What are continuities over time? What are some factors that determine these? Why are these relevant to world history?

PREHISTORY PERIOD IN WHICH OUR ANCESTORS EXISTED ON EARTH BUT HAD NOT YET INVENTED WRITING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEM COMES FROM SCATTERED AND SCARCE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE BECAUSE OF LACK OF WRITTEN EVIDENCE WE CAN ONLY SPECULATE ON WHAT THEY THOUGHT ABOUT, HOW THEY ORGANIZED THEMSELVES, HOW THEY INTER-RELATED WITH EACH OTHER, AND WHY AND HOW THEY BEHAVED THE WAY THEY DID

MIGRATION MIGRATION TO OTHER PARTS OF AFRICA AND FINALLY OUT OF AFRICA APPEARANCE OF HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS AROUND 200, ,000 BCE MARKED BEGINNING OF PALEOLITHIC AGE

VARIATION Behavior patterns developed based on environment where humans lived –People in northern climates developed custom of wearing clothing and use of fire –People in southern climates were not under similar pressure to wear clothing and were slower to use fire Minor biological variations also appeared in response to environmental conditions –People in southern climates retained high proportion of melanin in their skin pigment Protects skin from sun Makes skin darker

PALEOLITHIC LIFESTYLE EXCLUSIVELY HUNTERS AND GATHERERS NO PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS –LIVED IN TEMPORARY SHELTERS AND MOVED WHENEVER FOOD SUPPLIES RAN LOW LIVED IN BANDS OF APPROX. 30 PEOPLE COOPERATED TOGETHER TO OBTAIN FOOD AND FOR DEFENSE PRIMITIVE, NOMADIC PEOPLE BY MODERN STANDARDS

PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS I MADE AND USED TOOLS –VARIETY OF MATERIALS STONE WOOD BONE –CORRESPONDED TO IDEAS THEY HAD IN THEIR MINDS FIRST –PRESERVED THEM FOR FUTURE USE –TAUGHT OTHERS HOW TO MAKE AND USE THEM –LATER GENERATIONS WOULD IMPROVE ON WHAT THEY HAD BEEN TAUGHT AND MAKE BETTER ONES RESULTED IN CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN TECHNOLOGY

PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS II SPOKEN LANGUAGE –CAPACITY TO DESCRIBE THINGS –TO NAME THINGS –SHARE KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCES, AND FEELINGS WITH OTHERS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS –BELIEVED FORCES OF NATURE WERE LIVING THINGS THAT HAD TO BE APPEASED IN ORDER TO PERSUADE THEM TO BEHAVE IN A BENEFICIAL MANNER –PRACTICE OF BURIAL OF DEAD INDICATED BELIEF IN AFTERLIFE

PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS III ART –PAINTED ON ANY AVAILABLE SURFACE BUT ONLY ONES DONE IN CAVES HAVE SURVIVED –MOTIVATED BY MAGIC DESIRE TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL HUNT

Eohippus or Hyracotherium

BIRTH OF NEOLITHIC AGE DISCOVERY OF AGRICULTURE –8000 BCE –MIDDLE EAST –BARLEY AND RYE –MOST LIKELY DISCOVERED BY WOMEN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY –SHEEP AND GOATS TOGETHER, THEY MADE POSSIBLE A MORE RELIABLE SOURCE OF FOOD THAN HUNTING AND GATHERING HAD

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE I ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS POPULATION GROWTH AND CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE TRADE –TRADED FOOD SURPLUS TO OTHER REGIONS IN EXCHANGE FOR COMMODITIES FARMERS NEEDED BUT DIDN’T PRODUCE THEMSELVES SALT VOLCANIC GLASS IRON ORE INTERNAL TRADE WITHIN NEOLITHIC VILLAGES ALSO DEVELOPED –EXCHANGE OF FOOD FOR ITEMS SUCH AS POTTERY, TOOLS, ETC. –DIVISION OF LABOR

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE II AWARENESS OF PRIVATE PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY AND GOVERNMENT –RULING ELITE EMERGES AS SOME PEOPLE ACQUIRED MORE LAND THAN OTHERS GAINED POWER OVER THOSE WHO DIDN’T OWN AS MUCH AS THEY DID

SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE I Jarmo Jericho Catal Huyuk Oldest Neolithic settlements found in the Middle East 8000 BCE

SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE II AGRICULTURE LATER APPEARED IN OTHER PARTS OF WORLD –EITHER INDEPENDENTLY OR AS RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO OLDER AGRICULTURAL REGIONS NEOLITHIC AGE DID NOT APPEAR EVERYWHERE AT THE SAME TIME –FIRST IN MIDDLE EAST –LATER IN OTHER PARTS OF WORLD

NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY I POTTERY CONTAINERS –FOR STORING FOOD AND WATER WHEEL AND SAIL –IMPROVED WATER AND LAND TRANSPORTATION PLOW –MADE AGRICULTURE EASIER AND MORE PRODUCTIVE

NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY II DISCOVERY OF METAL FIRST METAL TO BE USE WAS COPPER –EASILY SHAPED –ENABLED BROKEN TOOLS AND WEAPONS TO BE RECAST AND RESHAPED NEXT METAL WAS BRONZE –ALLOY OF COPPER AND TIN –HARDER AND MORE DURABLE THAN COPPER –MADE POSSIBLE BETTER TOOLS AND WEAPONS WITH SHARPER CUTTING EDGES