 Geocentric Theory - Earth Centered Universe  Earth stationary  Greek and Roman Thought, The Bible  Heaven beyond our universe

 Heliocentric Theory › Nicolaus Copernicus › Earth, Stars, and Planets revolved around the Sun › Ideas published in 1543  Last year of life  Feared persecution and ridicule  Tyco Brahe and Johannes Kepler › Mathematical Laws govern planetary movement

 Starry Messenger › 1610 › Newsletter that described astronomical observations › Jupiter had 4 moons, dark spots › Rough surface on moon  Shattered Aristotle's ideas  Laws of Motion › Objects fall at predictable rate

 Conflict With the Church › Frightened All - Protestants and Catholics › Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems › Renounced his findings › Under house arrest until death in 1642

 Law of Universal Gravity  Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy › 1697 › Everything in the universe works in perfect symmetry › God was the creator of the universe

 New Tools › Microscope, Telescope  Medicine and Human Body › Vaccines - Smallpox › Human dissections  Detailed understanding of human body - organs, bones, and muscles