By Kieran and Viktoria

Intro Have you ever wondered about the mysterious forms of life that exist in the ocean waters? If so, congratulations! You have just been selected as an elite team of oceanographers who will research the structure and composition of three aquatic zones, intertidal, neritic, and bathyal, offshore of the East Coast. Be prepared for the interesting creatures that await your arrival!

Contents  Research Technician  Intertidal Zone Expert  Bathyal Zone Expert  Research Technician  Intertidal Zone Expert  Bathyal Zone Expert  Master Diver  Neritic Zone Expert  Effects of Human Pollution

Research Technician  Tide Times  Best Time to Access Zones  Water Samples  Dangerous and Endangered Organisms  Tide Times  Best Time to Access Zones  Water Samples  Dangerous and Endangered Organisms

Tide Times For Santa Monica Beach in CA on January 14, 2009 High Tide 10:58 AM Low Tide 5:03 AM

Best Times to Access Zones Intertidal Zone…  You should access the intertidal zone during both high and low tides to see a variety of marine life. Intertidal Zone…  You should access the intertidal zone during both high and low tides to see a variety of marine life. Neritic Zone  You should access the Neritic Zone when light hits it to be able to see the species more clearly.

Best Time to Access Zones (continued…) Bathyal Zone  Since no light hits the Bathyal Zone, it any time of day would be sufficient. Bathyal Zone  Since no light hits the Bathyal Zone, it any time of day would be sufficient.

CTD CTD stands for Conductivity, Temperature and Depth Recorder. It is an electronic instrument that constantly measures the temperature, salinity, depth, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients in various places in the ocean. It is attached to the hydro wire of a ship and lowered into various depths.

Water Samples Temperature  The CTD records it instantly from the surface to the desired depth. Temperature  The CTD records it instantly from the surface to the desired depth. Salinity  Bottles from the CTD are analyzed after they are brought back up. It shows how salinity changes with depth by taking samples from different depths.

Water Samples (continued…) Depth  The higher the pressure recorded, the deeper the water is. Depth  The higher the pressure recorded, the deeper the water is. Oxygen  Oceanologists add dye to the samples brought back on the CTD that bind the oxygen molecules. They then use and oxygen titrator to determine the amount of oxygen in the water.

Water Samples (continued…) Carbon Dioxide  Scientists use the same procedure as with oxygen. Carbon Dioxide  Scientists use the same procedure as with oxygen. Nutrients  Samples are collected from bottles on the CTD. Scientists add chemicals to the water that turn blue when they bind with nutrients. The deeper the blue color, the more nutrients in the water. Samples are taken from different depths.

Risks Of Dangerous Organisms Direct Contact with Dangerous Organisms  Accidental contact with species such as stingrays  Unnecessary handling of venomous species  Getting close to large animals onshore or in the ocean  Provoking dangerous organisms Poisonous Species in the Environment  Some species include  Jellyfish  Puffer fish  Lionfish  Sea Urchins

Endangered Organisms Endangered organisms are organisms in danger of becoming extinct. They are protected by the endangered species act. Some species of endangered sea organisms are sea turtles, blue whales and manatees.

Master Diver About SCUBA Basic Diving Equipment Some Facts About Diving About SCUBA Basic Diving Equipment Some Facts About Diving

About SCUBA SCUBA is a acronym for: Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus It may refer to o Scuba diving, the use of a self-contained breathing set to stay underwater for periods of time o Scuba set, the equipment used to do scuba diving SCUBA is a acronym for: Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus It may refer to o Scuba diving, the use of a self-contained breathing set to stay underwater for periods of time o Scuba set, the equipment used to do scuba diving

Basic Diving Equipment Alternate Air Source Buoyancy Control Device (pretty much a life jacket) Underwater Compass Cylinder (Air Tank) Depth Gauge Dive Computers Fins (also called flippers) Regulator Submersible Pressure Gauge (tells how much air you have left) Wet Suit Alternate Air Source Buoyancy Control Device (pretty much a life jacket) Underwater Compass Cylinder (Air Tank) Depth Gauge Dive Computers Fins (also called flippers) Regulator Submersible Pressure Gauge (tells how much air you have left) Wet Suit

Some Facts About Diving How Deep Can You Go? o Due to the change in pressure, amateurs usually go about 100 feet deep or less. Even professional expert divers don’t usually pass feet down. How Deep Was the Deepest Dive? o Mark Ellyatt, a British technical diving instructor, set a new world record for the deepest scuba dive when he descended to a depth of 313 meters (1,026.9 ft) off the island of Phuket in Thailand. How Deep Can You Go? o Due to the change in pressure, amateurs usually go about 100 feet deep or less. Even professional expert divers don’t usually pass feet down. How Deep Was the Deepest Dive? o Mark Ellyatt, a British technical diving instructor, set a new world record for the deepest scuba dive when he descended to a depth of 313 meters (1,026.9 ft) off the island of Phuket in Thailand.

Intertidal Zone Expert Location Minor Zones o Salinity o Temperature o Species Location Minor Zones o Salinity o Temperature o Species

Location The intertidal zone is the area from the high tide point to the point where the water reaches during low tide. There are three minor zones in the intertidal zone: the high-tide zone, the middle-tide zone, and the low tide zone, also known as the upper mid-littoral, the lower mid-littoral, and the lower littoral. The intertidal zone is the area from the high tide point to the point where the water reaches during low tide. There are three minor zones in the intertidal zone: the high-tide zone, the middle-tide zone, and the low tide zone, also known as the upper mid-littoral, the lower mid-littoral, and the lower littoral.

Minor Zones High-Tide Zone: Also known as the upper mid-littoral. o Only flooded during high-tide times. o Has a very high salinity because it is so shallow. o Has a very diverse temperature range. o Predominate Organisms include: anemones, barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, snails, whelks, and some marine vegetation o Includes rock pools, in which organisms such as small fish, hermit crabs, and some types of seaweed live. High-Tide Zone: Also known as the upper mid-littoral. o Only flooded during high-tide times. o Has a very high salinity because it is so shallow. o Has a very diverse temperature range. o Predominate Organisms include: anemones, barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, snails, whelks, and some marine vegetation o Includes rock pools, in which organisms such as small fish, hermit crabs, and some types of seaweed live.

Minor Zones (continued…) Middle-Tide Zone: Also known as the lower mid-littoral. o Submerged most of the day. o Has a salinity only slightly higher than the rest of the ocean. o Temperature ranges are much less extreme than the high-tide zone. o More vegetation here than high-tide zone and organisms are more complex. o Predominate organisms include: anemones, barnacles, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, snails, sponges, whelks. o Rock pools include small fish, shrimps, krill, sea urchins and zooplankton. Middle-Tide Zone: Also known as the lower mid-littoral. o Submerged most of the day. o Has a salinity only slightly higher than the rest of the ocean. o Temperature ranges are much less extreme than the high-tide zone. o More vegetation here than high-tide zone and organisms are more complex. o Predominate organisms include: anemones, barnacles, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, snails, sponges, whelks. o Rock pools include small fish, shrimps, krill, sea urchins and zooplankton.

Minor Zones (continued…)  Low Tidal Zone: Also known as the lower littoral. o Underwater more than any other minor zone. o Has the same salinity as the rest of the ocean. o Organisms not used to extreme temperatures. o Has a lot more vegetation than the other two zones, and is teeming with life. o Predominate Organisms include: abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, sculpin, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, surf grass, tube worms, and whelks.  Low Tidal Zone: Also known as the lower littoral. o Underwater more than any other minor zone. o Has the same salinity as the rest of the ocean. o Organisms not used to extreme temperatures. o Has a lot more vegetation than the other two zones, and is teeming with life. o Predominate Organisms include: abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, sculpin, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, surf grass, tube worms, and whelks.

Sea Cucumber One of the organisms found in the intertidal zone is the sea cucumber. Sea cucumbers are echinoderms—like starfish and sea urchins. There are some 1,250 known species, and many of these animals are indeed shaped like soft-bodied cucumbers. All sea cucumbers are ocean dwellers, though some inhabit the shallows and others live in the deep ocean. They live on or near the ocean floor— sometimes partially buried beneath it.

Neritic Zone Expert Location Salinity Temperature Species Location Salinity Temperature Species

Location  The Neritic Zone is located from the high tide line to the continental shelf.  It is 200 meters deep.  The Neritic Zone is located from the high tide line to the continental shelf.  It is 200 meters deep.

Salinity  In the Neritic Zone, the salinity levels range between 33% and 38% ppt. Temperature  The temperature is fairly steady.  It varies with depth  It is warmer or colder depending on the sunlight.

Species Producers  Phytoplankton are the main producers in the Neritic Zone.  Sea Weed such as green and red algae line the floor and sometimes float throughout. Consumers  Sea birds hunt fish in this zone.  Sharks, Herring, Mackerel, Blue Fin Tuna and other fish live here.  Zooplankton float throughout.  Whales also live here.

Whale Sharks One type of fish in the Neritic Zone is the Whale shark. It is the largest fish in the world. It can grow to be 40 feet in length. These enormous fish feed mostly on plankton and small fish. They scoop them up, while swimming, in their huge mouths. Like other large fish, they filter feed, allowing huge amounts of water in and then filtering it out through its gills. The fish that remain are what it eats. They are very docile fish and sometimes even allow divers to ride on them. These fish are classified as threatened.

Bathyal Zone Location Salinity Temperature Species Location Salinity Temperature Species

Location  The Bathyal Zone is located from the continental shelf out.  It is the deepest part of the ocean.  It is under the Neritic Zone once you reach the continental shelf. Salinity  The salinity ranges from 34% to 36% ppt.

Temperature  The temperature is always about the same.  It is usually 35 degrees.  It can vary with depth.  The temperature is always about the same.  It is usually 35 degrees.  It can vary with depth.

Species Producers  Sea Cucumbers  No photosynthetic plants can grow because of the lack of light. Consumers  Giant squid  Gulper Eel  Oarfish  Rat-Tail Fish

Angler Fish The angler fish lives in the bathyal Zone. It is said to be the ugliest animal on the planet. The Anger fish is a carnivore and can swallow prey twice its size. The females have the signature lure above their mouths. It is a dorsal spine with a piece of translucent flesh hanging on it. This lures prey right into the predator’s mouth. Male angler fish are parasites to the females. In finding a mate, they latch onto her with their teeth and over time fuse bodies with her, creating a permanent relationship. Male fish actually die if they do not find a mate to suck blood from. These fish can grow up to 3.3 feet long and up to 110 lbs. The male fish are significantly smaller than the females.

Effects of Human Pollution Types of Pollution Effects of Each Type of Pollution on the Ocean Environment Types of Pollution Effects of Each Type of Pollution on the Ocean Environment

Types of Pollution  The major types of pollution in the ocean are: o Oil o Sewage o Garbage o Chemicals o Radioactive Waste o Thermal Pollution o Eutrophication  The major types of pollution in the ocean are: o Oil o Sewage o Garbage o Chemicals o Radioactive Waste o Thermal Pollution o Eutrophication

Effects of Each Type of Pollution Oil: Depending on the amount of oil spilled and the salinity, temperature, and the type and slope of the shoreline, the effects of oil differ. Wind and wave currents help to spread the oil, and small organisms contaminated with it affect the larger animals higher on the food chain. Sewage: Sewage is a problem in the oceans all over the world. It is very hard to detect sewage pollution in the open ocean. Oil: Depending on the amount of oil spilled and the salinity, temperature, and the type and slope of the shoreline, the effects of oil differ. Wind and wave currents help to spread the oil, and small organisms contaminated with it affect the larger animals higher on the food chain. Sewage: Sewage is a problem in the oceans all over the world. It is very hard to detect sewage pollution in the open ocean.

Effects of Each Type of Pollution (continued…) Garbage: This type of pollution has a huge effect on the ocean environment. Litter left on beaches washes into the ocean and animals either ingest it or become entangled in it. Chemicals: When released from industrialized nations, harmful chemicals sneak unnoticed into the world’s oceans. They enter the food chain and affect organisms at different times and different places then they started out. Garbage: This type of pollution has a huge effect on the ocean environment. Litter left on beaches washes into the ocean and animals either ingest it or become entangled in it. Chemicals: When released from industrialized nations, harmful chemicals sneak unnoticed into the world’s oceans. They enter the food chain and affect organisms at different times and different places then they started out.

Effects of Each Type of Pollution (continued…) Radioactive Waste: Ever since 1944, radioactive waste has been a big problem in the ocean. It enters when nuclear weapons are tested, the releasing or dumping of dumping of wastes, and nuclear accidents. Thermal Pollution: Heated water from placed used for cooling purposes causes damage to the ocean ecosystems, especially in tropic climates where the organisms are already at their temperature max. Radioactive Waste: Ever since 1944, radioactive waste has been a big problem in the ocean. It enters when nuclear weapons are tested, the releasing or dumping of dumping of wastes, and nuclear accidents. Thermal Pollution: Heated water from placed used for cooling purposes causes damage to the ocean ecosystems, especially in tropic climates where the organisms are already at their temperature max.

Effects of Each Type of Pollution (continued…) Eutrophication: This is the release of excess nutrients into coastal waters. Fertilizers used on land are washed into the ocean via rivers and streams.