Emotion Emotion – basic components: – Physiological arousal (heart beating) – Expressive behaviors (quickened pace) – Consciously expressed thoughts

4Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Two-Factor Theory Opponent-Process Theory

James-Lange Theory Emotions are experienced in the following sequence: a) an emotional stimulus is presented, causing one to experience b)physiological reactions, which are c)consciously experienced as an emotion. Different emotions have physiological differences Examples:

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The emotional stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological change and cognitive awareness Emotional stimulus is simultaneously routed to cerebral cortex (awareness of emotion)and sympathetic nervous system (body arousal) Example:

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion AKA Schachter-Singer Theory Experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation/label of that arousal. The label people give an emotion depends on what they find in their environment. Arousal without a label is not an emotion; a label without arousal does not lead to emotional behavior. Experiments Spillover Effect Example: Cognitive Label “I’m Afraid”

Spill Over Effect Spill over effect- emotional arousal from one event spills over into our response of the next event – Supports Schachter-Singer Theory – Example:

Theories of emotions

Opponent Process Theory Richard Solomon Every emotion triggers an opposing emotion – Happiness/Sadness – Fear/Relief – Pleasure Pain – Love/Hate Emotions disrupt homeostasis…opposing emotion enables a return to homeostasis Example:

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system – regulates physiological arousal of emotion – Sympathetic nervous system Arousing – Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) energize and mobilize – Parasympathetic nervous system Calming – is ideal well-learned tasks

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Brain Differences and Emotion Brain activity is different depending on emotion - consistent with James-Lange Theory – Amygdala – – Thalamus/ Right Hemisphere – – Right prefrontal cortex/frontal lobe – – Left prefrontal cortex/Frontal lobe - Nucleus accumbens – pleasure (smiling, laughing) – Anterior Singulate Cortex -

Cognition and Emotion Some emotions occur without cognition, by-passing the cortex Go directly from thalamus to amygdala = fast/ automatic emotional response

Physiological Differences – Polygraph – supports which theory? Used to detect lies measures physiological responses such as perspiration, heart rate, breathing Problems? Guilty Knowledge Test – assesses physiological responses to crime scene details only known by investigators

Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues – Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback Behavior Feedback Theory

Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear – amygdala

Anger – Evoked by events – Catharsis Catharsis – Expressing anger can increase anger

Happiness – Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – Well-being Well-being

Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience – Adaptation-level phenomenon Adaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others’ attainments – Relative deprivation Relative deprivation

Happiness Predictors of Happiness

Introduction Health psychology Behavioral medicine

Stress and Illness Stress –Stress appraisal

Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc… The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages 1.Alarm 2.Resistance 3.Exhaustion

Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B – Type A Type A – Type B Type B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – Lymphocytes Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes – Stress and AIDS – Stress and Cancer