Chapter 23 Overview Notes: The Unification of Italy 1870 Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini King Victor Emmanuel II Count Camillo Cavour

Unification of Italy

OBSTACLES TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION: collection of separate states ruled by foreign powers or local princes 2. Napoleon’s invasions spark nationalistic feelings against Austrian Hapsburg control or French Bourbons “Young Italy,” a secret nationalistic society, founded by Mazzini, attempts to est. a revolutionary republic in Rome but effort fails

NATIONALISM ENCOURAGES ITALIAN UNIFICATION: united by geography, a common language, the history and glory of ancient Rome, the papacy, & economic freedom among Italian states

Risorgimento (Italian nationalistic movement) taken over by Kingdom of Sardinia; King Victor Emmanuel II names Count Camillo Cavour as prime minister, a practitioner of Realpolitik to unite the Italian states of Sardinia, Lombardy, and Venetia

Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” win Sicily and Naples 4. Victor Emmanuel II is crowned king of Italy and unites Venetia and Rome to complete a unified Italy

ITALY FACES NEW CHALLENGES: 1. no tradition of unity 2. regional rivalries between richer and more urban north versus rural and poor south unable to solve national issues 3. popes resent losing control of the Papal States and of Rome (papacy is granted rule of the Vatican City but not until 1929) 4. industrialization brings urbanization 5. population explosion causes emigration to the U.S., Canada, Latin America 6. Italy prospering by 1914 but unprepared for world war

ruled the Hapsburg dynasty for 62 yrs., dying at the age of 84 NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES: HAPSBURGS Oldest ruling house in Europe Controls vast territories, esp. in E. Europe = multinational empire = Slavic groups and Hungarians The Dual Monarchy is established Francis Joseph becomes emperor of Austria & king of Hungary Slavs resentful of union between Austria-Hungary ruled the Hapsburg dynasty for 62 yrs., dying at the age of 84

Ottoman Turks

Ruled multinational empire, including the Serbs & the Greeks on the Balkan Peninsula who resent foreign rule Ottoman Empire weak = the “sick man of Europe,” leading to attempts by European powers to take lands from Turks

EX: Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina on Balkan Peninsula in 1908 angering the Serbs

Balkan region becomes known as the “powder keg of Europe” by 1914 leading to World War I