World War I

What was the status of these countries prior to WWI? Germany France Great Britain Austria-Hungary Russia Italy Unification Loss of Alsace Lorraine by Treaty of Frankfurt Fully industrialized Leading trading nation World’s banker Greatest naval power Largest colonial empire Lack of cultural unity Growing nationalism stirring unrest Expansionism War with Japan 1905 Sought recognition as a major power

Long Range Causes Nationalism Militarism Alliances Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism Bertha von Suttner Nobel Peace Prize Military buildup=jobs Wars helped to unify Germany and Italy Increased spending on the military from by 300% Millions spent on a peacetime army Germany increases its navy

Alliances Triple Alliance—1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Reinsurance Treaty—1887 Germany and Russia— neutrality guaranteed if either went to war 1890 Bismarck dismissed Treaty not renewed Russia looks for ally—1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Triple Entente 1907—Great Britain, France, Russia

Imperialism Fashoda Crisis—Sudan— Great Britain and France Moroccan Crisis—1905 and 1911—France and Germany

Balkan Crises— —Russia [Pan Slavism] supports expansion plans of Serbia

“Powder Keg” Pan Slavism Russia demoralized after defeat by Japan turns attention to Balkans 1 st Crisis –Bosnia annexed by Austria-Hungary –Italy takes Libya 1 st Balkan War –1908 Creation of Albania—Serbia loses access to Adriatic Sea 2 nd Balkan War –1913 Serbia’s attempt to gain Albania fails with German support for Austria-Hungary –Serbia frustrated and Russia humiliated

Immediate Cause Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo June 1914 Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand

The Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization Home by Christmas No major war in 50 years Nationalism It’s a long way to Tipperary It’s a long way to go It’s a long way to Tipperary To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It’s a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart’s right there!

Propaganda

Australia Propaganda

German Poster “Think of Your Children!” French snake has baby’s bottle

Women and the War Effort Financing the War

Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Factory Workers

German Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Workers

Russian Women Soldiers

Multi-Front War

Western Front

Trench Warfare

No Man’s Land

Battle of Verdun Longest and Bloodiest Battle 32,000,000. Estimated artillery shells fired in Battle of Verdun

e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. Verdun—February 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. The Somme, July, 1916

The Cost of War

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Sikh British Soldiers in India

French colonial Marine infantry from China—fighting in Greece

Russia’s Role War revealed the ineptitude and arrogance of the country’s aristocratic elite Corrupt military leadership had contempt for ordinary Russian people Ill-trained, ineffective officers, poorly equipped –– the result was mass desertions and 2 million casualties by 1915

Battle of Tannenberg (August, 1914) – massive defeat at hands of Hindenburg and Germany Nicholas left for the Front—September, 1915

America slow to enter the War Neutrality Trade partners with England and France Lusitania sunk Zimmerman Telegram Unrestricted submarine warfare April 6, 1917—Congress declares war

May 7th 1915

Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!!

Americans in the Trenches

New Technology Changes War

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied ships sunk by U-boats

Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin Aircraft Plant United States

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Grenade Launchers Flame Throwers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Art of World War I

1918 Flue Pandemic: Depletes all Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

Russians Exit War Treaty of Brest Litovsk March 3, 1918

Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour, Eleventh Month— All is Quiet on the Western Front November 11, 1918

Human Costs of War 8,000, Estimated civilians killed in Great War: Non-influenza 8,300, Estimated combatants killed, all nations 21,500, Minimum deaths in 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Note: Georgia’s population is approximately 9.5 million Atlanta’s population is approximately 500,000

Who was to blame for WWI? Austria- Hungary RussiaBritainFranceGermany

Effects of WWI Immediate Russian Revolution Destruction and loss of life Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Breakup of Austro- Hungarian Empire Mandates Long-Term German and Italian resentment of treaty US policy of isolationism Rise of fascism WWII