Mapping CEO Definitions of CSR Commitments Kelly Kollman - Glasgow University

Main Findings Overview Over the 20 year period (1995-2013), CEOs have increased: The number of areas for which they claim responsibility The external groups to which they hold themselves to account. Still, CEOs from all countries emphasize ‘the big three’ in each time period: Environment Community Employees. Clear country differences in how CSR is defined and why CEOs state it is important, but convergence over time.

Expanding CSR Commitments: % CSR Area Mentioned Over Time

Expanding Commitments: % Stakeholders Mentioned Over Time

Convergence within National Traditions % of Reporting Firms across Areas Germany UK USA 1995-99 2012-13 Corruption 22 10 14 11 Environment 100 88 87 90 84 Giving/ Community 34 30 71 60 Human Rights 36 26 13 Labour/ Employees 78 68 63

% of Reporting Firms across Areas Motivation % of Reporting Firms across Areas Germany UK USA 1995-99 2012-13 Ethical Community 16 20 29 50 74 Corruption 1 3 Environment 70 68 24 49 Human Rights 10 26 18 Labour Rights 45 30 32 23 Legal Compliance Market-Driven 60 71 80 76 Social Pressure 42

Kelly Kollman - Glasgow University Best Practices in CSR Kelly Kollman - Glasgow University

Overview of Best Practices CSR/ Sustainability Overview of Best Practices CSR / Sustainability Best Practice: Identified best practices through global CSR schemes (Global Compact, GRI) and management research. Established Best Practices: Measure social, economic and environmental impact in ‘material issues’ including impact along supply chain Set improve targets for material issues Audit progress Report and verify data on comparable issues to increase transparency and dialogue with stakeholders

Main Findings Overview Top reporters implement these best practices, but levels of engagement varies across CSR / sustainability areas. Best and most detailed reporting in the environment area. Companies applied best practices to social areas much later and in a less consistent way. Cross-national differences: Substantial convergence in environmental area across three countries. UK and German companies have better quality reporting in social areas; US in community. Emerging issues of cutting edge reporters: responsible lobbying; human rights compliance in supply chain; living wage.

Reporting Trends over Time

Report Verification by External Auditors

Environmental Impact Measures Over Time Environmental Improvement Targets Over Time

Social Impact Measures Over Time Social Improvement Targets Over Time 

Environmental Impact Measures Across Countries Environmental Improvement Targets Across Countries

Social Impact Measures Over Time Social Improvement Targets Over Time

Emerging Issues Living wage (included in 20% of UK 2013 reports) Human rights along the supply chain Responsible / transparent lobbying 35% of 2013 sample included information on public policy Integrated reporting

Discussion Points Results in keeping with your experience or surprising? Is environmental sustainability easier to measure than social sustainability? Why? Why the earlier engagement with environment? Is environmental sustainability better aligned with stakeholders than social sustainability? Other emerging issues that we missed?

Alvise Favotto - Glasgow University Community Engagement Alvise Favotto - Glasgow University

Main Findings Overview Expanding scope of community engagement Growing community activities in host countries (vs. home country) Increasing and increasingly varied involvement of workforce Certain trends taper off in the most recent period Attention to home-country initiatives Expanded attention to employability initiatives Managerial approach to community from 2005/06: Use of Performance Management Systems Emphasis on short-term/ more ‘visibile’ projects

Location of Community Initiatives: % of community initiatives in host-countries

Areas Addressed by Community Projects over Time

Avg. Number of Areas Addressed by Community Projects over Time

Case Evidence Sainsbury’s [CSR Report 1998] We anticipate further increases in the Landfill Tax, currently at £7 a tonne, a further incentive for us to reuse and recycle waste. Working with the charity Crisis FareShare, we have developed a programme to donate food, from Sainsbury’s, which is about to pass its display-until date. [CSR Report 1998] Each of our stores plays an important role in its local community — that is where our customers and our colleagues live and where our reputation is made or lost. We aim to make sure we are good neighbours, welcomed for our contribution to the community and for our efforts to make sure we minimise any disturbance. [CSR Report 2005] We have a strong local focus supported by a clear national framework and strategy. We aim to be a positive force in society – from being a good employer offering jobs for local people, to paying our fair share of tax; and from supporting local charities and community groups to national initiatives. [CSR Report 2013]

Employee Found-rising Case Evidence Sainsbury’s 1 10 1 8 Community Project in 1998 1 2 1 1 13 Community Projects in 2005 9 Sponsored Training Employee Found-rising Charitable Giving Volunteer work Food Donations 1998 2005 2013 Community Projects in 2013

Case Evidence Sainsbury’s 1 [CSR Report 2005] [CSR Report 2013]

Mandatory vs. Voluntary CSR Kelly Kollman - Glasgow University

The responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society. A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. EU Commission, 2001 The responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society. EU Commission, 2011

Increasing requirements for CSR disclosure and management New focus on ‘co-regulation’ and complementary regulation UK: Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors Report) 2013 Regulations; Modern Slavery Act 2015. EU: Disclosure of Non-financial Information Directive (2014/95/EU) US: Dodd-Frank Act Section 1502 on Conflict Minerals Disclosure (2010) India: Companies Act of 2013 / Circular No. 21 / 2014 Inter/National Lobby registers: USA (1998) EU Joint Transparency Register (2011) Scottish Parliament (proposed)

Voluntary vs. Mandatory: A real difference? Despite trend towards increasing requirements new regulation allows companies significant flexibility in how they manage and report on their CSR / sustainability activities e.g. EU Directive allows companies to choose among different reporting frameworks Regardless of binding regulation, travel of direction is clear. Increased public pressure to: Report on environmental and social impacts / risks Monitor supply chain Use transparent and comparable metrics.

I don’t understand the point of debating about the importance of keeping something voluntary that in reality is no longer voluntary in any real sense German CSR NGO Representative, 2015