@ In 2007, Kahr studied the ability of crystals to transfer genetic information, using crystals of potassium hydrogen He cleaved imperfect crystals & used them as seeds to grow new crystals in a He then examined the new crystals & found that the imperfect properties of the first crystals were transferred to the new However the new crystals were unable to store or transfer these properties to the next generation.

@ RNA world hypothesis: RNA can self replicate & catalyze molecule formation without DNA or RNA provides a copying template to join RNA pieces together & makes James Ferris showed that clay minerals could form RNA in water solution. Then RNA joins nucleotides together to form longer RNA was found to be able to express and maintain the genetic information in organisms

@ Lincoln and Joyce identified an RNA enzyme that catalyzes self replication. Hence RNA can reproduce Iron-sulfur world hypothesis: Christian de Duve showed that the enzymes carbon monoxide dehydrogenase & acetyl-CoA synthase catalyze the formation of acetyl- CoA clusters from iron and sulfur This proved that acetyl-CoA can organize molecules on a metal sulfide surface.

ORIGIN OF LIFE: Charles Darwin (Warm Pond Theory) contains ammonia & phosphoric salts, light, heat, & electricity. From all that a protein was formed & changed to living Alexander Oparin (Primordial soup theory) contains organic molecules created by action of sunlight in water. Organic molecules combined to form to give living Miller-Urey experiment (Biopoesis Theory) in mixture of water, hydrogen, methane, & ammonia, all cycled in an electric field. Carbon changed to Sidney Fox (combined Biogenesis & Soup Theories) allowing aminoacids to dry out. He noticed aminoacids forming long, thread-like molecules (Proteinoids).

@ Then Fox baked volcano lava over aminoacids, put in water, to form proteinoids, and proteinoids combined to form the spheres Protobionts (one-cell Graham Cairns Smith (Clay hypothesis) Organic molecules arose on inorganic silicate crystals Kahr proved the ability of crystals to transfer genetic information using potassium hydrogen James Ferris (RNA World Hypothesis) Clay form RNA in water & RNA joins nucleotides to form longer Lincoln & Joyce identified the RNA enzyme helping RNA produce Christian de Duve (Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis) The acetyl-CoA can organize molecules from iron- sulfur clusters.

Microbial The oldest living creatures found in rocks and inorganic minerals are about 3.5 billion years old, one billion years after Earth The evolution of microorganisms are studied from the remains of the past Fossils may be observed in its solid state or from its prints on Blue-green bacteria were the first organisms discovered in history, detected in a form of stromatolites (bacterial colonies with minerals)

@ In 1936 Cluyver & Niel stated that the first bacterium discovered was spherical in Barghoorn & his associates examined 3.5 billion year old rocks & discovered many organisms: single, paired, long, thin, flat, wrinkled, or First organisms discovered were anaerobic, since oxygen was absent at that In 1965 Schopf & his co-workers discovered preserved rod-shaped & spherical organisms about 2 billion years old.

@ In 1977 Woese & co-workers described the methanogenes (methane-producing) bacteria. It has a different RNA & genetic In 1977 Fox and Woese divided prokaryotes into two: Bacteria & The archaebacteria include three kinds: * Methanogenes * Extreme halophiles, * The methanogenes were found to live at a temp. 65°-70 e C, anaerobic, & utilize carbon dioxide & hydrogen & give off methane gas

@ Extreme halophiles grow in salty in oceans. They have a photosynthetic mechanism from pigments inside the Thermoacidophiles grow in hot, acidic places above 90°C. They have different cell wall, cell membrane, & Mitochondria & chloroplasts structures are thought to descend from The mitochondrion is thought to have been a bacterium & the chloroplast to have been a structure of the blue-green bacteria.