The Great War—1914-1918 Unit 4—World War I Enduring Understandings 1. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances propelled the industrialized nations into a devastating world war. 2. Advancement of technology changed the nature of global conflict and cooperation. 3. Cooperation among nations may not necessarily be fair for all parties.

Mid-Semester Review What do you remember?

How are the following related to one another? Scientific Revolution Enlightenment French Revolution Napoleon / Congress of Vienna Nationalism Industrial Revolution Capitalism Communism Imperialism

Causes of WWI Enduring Understandings 1. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances propelled the industrialized nations into a devastating world war. 2. Advancement of technology changed the nature of global conflict and cooperation. 3. Cooperation among nations may not necessarily be fair for all parties. Turn in core assessment – electronically drop in my drop box Get handouts from front table Read the WWI story book project directions – questions? Introduction to WWI – take notes Watch video clips Watch Days that Shook the World – the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand – answer questions on handout

Causes of WWI Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances Crisis in the Balkans Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Tangled Alliance System European nations formed military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power and preserve peace across the continent 1882—Triple Alliance formed 1907—Triple Entente formed

Crisis in the Balkans By 1900s, power of Ottoman Empire in rapid decline Various ethnic groups sought to break free from Turkish rule, while new nations were formed and wanted to expand Desired to control trade routes in Mediterranean region Balkan region referred to as “powder keg” of Europe

Crisis in the Balkans Serbian nationalism forces a wedge between Russia and Austria-Hungary A Serbian nationalist assassinates the Austro-Hungarian archduke and archduchess in Sarajevo Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia, rejects Serbia’s offer to negotiate, and declares war Nations begin to mobilize

Because you are the enemy…and your mustache is better than mine. Why do you want me dead? Because you are the enemy…and your mustache is better than mine. p.s. We Serbs do not want Austria-Hungary to run our country – Serbs for Serbia!!!

Video intermission - the exciting story of Days that Shook the World – the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Path to War European nations are divided into Central Powers and Allies When Russia mobilizes along the German border, Germany declares war on Russia and France The German declaration of war brings Great Britain into the conflict Continental Europe is at war with itself; other nations will join later as the war spreads worldwide

Academic Label map of 1914 Europe Refer to page 365 in your textbook Be sure to identify the alliance systems on your map Read primary source—The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assume the identity of a citizen of Austria-Hungary; you’ve just been told of the assassination of the archduke, heir to your empire’s throne. Record a one-paragraph response that describes your reaction to the event and what you think A/H should do in response to the attack

WWI—A Review… Nationalism spurs competition among European nations Imperialism deepens national rivalries Militarism leads to large standing armies Alliances - Members of the Triple Entente join the Allies; members of the Triple Alliance join the Central Powers; additionally, many colonial subjects were recruited to serve A weakening Ottoman Empire leads to a crisis in the Balkans Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand leads to the beginning of World War I, as Austria declares war on Serbia

A Breakdown…Who was where? Allied Powers Central Powers France Russia Great Britain Japan (1914) United States (1917) Italy (1915) Claimed that its membership in the Triple Alliance had been a defensive strategy Felt that Germany had made unprovoked attack on Belgium Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

Stalemate As nations mobilize for war, Germany employs the Schlieffen Plan It was thought that Russia—with its lack of railroads—would have difficulty mobilizing its troops Violation of Belgian neutrality brings Great Britain into the war

Stalemate The Allied victory at the Marne breaks the back of the Schlieffen Plan Trench warfare and the failure to capture new ground make life on the Western Front an ongoing horror New weapons of war—machine guns (much improved by the time of WWI), tanks, poison gas, airplanes, submarines, etc.—are used in battles along the Western Front Despite major battles and horrific casualties, neither side advances

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Eastern Front Russians and Serbs battle Germans, Austrians, and Turks along the Eastern Front Without modern technology, the Russian army was continually short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets; hangs on through sheer strength of its numbers Allies are unable to ship war supplies to Russia’s ports

Trench Warfare Letter Where you are The year Your condition Assume the identity of a World War I soldier fighting along the Western Front. Write a letter home to a relative/friend in which you describe your experience on the frontline. Your two- paragraph letter must include the following information… Where you are The year Your condition What combat is like Your hopes/feelings

War Affects the World By early 1915 it is apparent that chances for an abbreviated conflict have passed World War I spreads to several continents; Germany’s colonial possessions are seized by the Allies as colonial subjects are recruited for service Allied Powers sought a means to end the stalemate; Gallipoli campaign begins in 1915

Gallipoli Campaign Allied expansion, war moves beyond Europe Purpose of campaign was numerous… Secure the Dardanelles Strait Capture Constantinople Defeat Turks Establish supply line to Russia Effort fails, yet another stalemate

United States Enters the War Why? Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare policy Attack on Lusitania (1915) Zimmermann Note Economic/cultural ties with Allies

War Affects the Home Front World War I becomes a total war, and governments take control of national economies In the U.S. and Europe, citizens undergo rationing of goods With millions of men at the front, many women go to work in factories and elsewhere

Russia Withdraws from the War By 1917, the Russian government nears collapse as civil unrest and wartime shortages plague the empire Czar Nicholas II abdicates his throne in March 1917 Russia pulls out of the war in early 1918 Lenin seizes power

The Allies Win the War With Russia’s withdrawal, Germany achieves a victory on the Eastern Front Though Germany’s eastern troops head west, fresh American troops give the Allies an edge to win the second Battle of the Marne The Kaiser abdicates, and Germany and the Allies sign an armistice, ending the war on November 11th, 1918

World War I Propaganda Activity Because World War I spread to several continents, it required the full resources of many governments, thus making it a “total war.” Using this idea of the “total war” concept, create a propaganda piece calling on Americans to join the war effort. Your war poster must be done neatly, include color, and convey a message justifying the American war effort. Examples of WWI propaganda can be seen on pgs. 360 & 367. Please produce your propaganda piece on a single sheet of printer paper and include a one-paragraph explanation as to the message of your work. Good luck!

Versailles Mapping Activity Assume the role of one of the “Big Four” Read directions carefully Answer the questions listed Draw the borders of the postwar world that you desire and present your map to your group members Compromise and create a map of postwar Europe that satisfies each person in your group Time: ~ 45 minutes

Treaty of Versailles Conference to establish terms of peace after WWI Represented by the “Big Four” Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States (14 points proposal—see handout) Georges Clemenceau, prime minister of France David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great Britain Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy Not represented—Russia, Germany, German allies

Treaty of Versailles Treaty punishes Germany Excludes Germany from League of Nations Seizes all colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific Restricted the size and activities of its military Forced to accept full responsibility for the war Required to pay war reparations Creates new nations (see map 1918 Europe—pg. 382 or 857) Establishes a League of Nations, an international organization whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

The Legacy of the War The war leaves 8.5 million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded, as well as millions of civilians dead and wounded The war costs $338 billion, destroys land and towns in Europe and Russia, and causes disillusionment in society, as an entire generation of Europeans is lost Treaty of Versailles would not lead to a lasting peace, but instead serve as a cause of WWII

Frank Buckles

George Will Editorial Response Read “Just one doughboy remains from the Great War” On the back of the paper record a one-paragraph response that answers the following questions: Why is it important to recognize and celebrate the life of someone like Frank Buckles? What can we learn from his story?