Chapter Notes 6-1 (Northern Europe) I. The United Kingdom (island separated by the English Channel) A.The UK includes 4 regions: England, Wales, Scotland, and ________________. B.90% live in cities. ________ is the capital and a center of business. C. ____________ and machinery are leading exports. Oil and natural gas from the N. Sea supply its energy. D.The UK has both a ____________ democracy and a constitutional monarchy. E. Most are ________ Christians and speak English and some Gaelic. II. The Republic of Ireland (island that is Catholic country) A.Its called the “_______________” because its lush and green from its regular rainfall. N. Ireland London Manufacturing parliamentary Protestant Emerald Isle

B. Much of the area is made up of ______ which is dug up from bogs. C. Farming is important, but most employed by _______________. D.Celts settle the island hundreds of years ago. Most speak Irish Gaelic and English. ___________ is the capital. E._____________ in N. Ireland would like to unite w/their southern neighbors. Protestants want to remain part of the UK. F.This dispute led to __________ from the 1960’s to 1990’s. In 1998 agreement was signed to end the violence. III._____________ (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland) A.Their standards of living are among the __________ in the world. B.The northernmost part is always cold, southern and western areas are mild due to ______________ Current. C.This region is made up of many landforms. Norway has _______, Denmark has forests, and Iceland (island) have __________. peat manufacturing Dublin Catholics conflict Scandinavia highest N. Atlantic fjords geysers

D.The strong economies consist of farming, manufacturing, and service industries. ____________ is also important. E.Norway relies on oil and natural gas. Iceland uses _____________ energy, Finland uses hydroelectric power. F.Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland share ___________ ties and languages, Finland’s language and culture are different. G.Most are constitutional monarchies and all 5 are __________ states. Chapter Notes 12-2 (Europe’s Heartland) I.France (lies in W. Europe and has a mild climate) A.Their _________ are known for their specialization such as wine and cheese. B.Both traditional and ____________ industries has allowed economy to grow. Fishing geothermal ethnic welfare farms service

C.Tourism is part of their economy and many tourists visit the capital of __________. (75% urban) D.Most speak _________ and are Roman Catholic. Immigrants from Muslim countries has made Islam 2 nd largest religion. E.Their government is a _________ headed by elected president and appointed prime minister. II.The Benelux Countries (have a low, flat landscape) A.Most live in crowded cities, have high standard of living, and _____________ democracies w/monarchs. B. Belgium has 3 distinct cultural regions: ____________ (Dutch- speaking), Wallonia (French-speaking), and Brussels (bilingual) C.Netherlands means “lowlands” because 25% is below the sea. The Dutch create ____________ to drain land from the sea. D. ____________ is the capital and largest city. (90% urban) Paris French republic parliamentary Flanders polders Amsterdam

E. Luxembourg is one of Europe’s _____________ countries. F.It’s the center of trade and commerce which is home to many _____________ companies. Many are mixed German and French. III. Germany and the Alpine Countries A.It has plains, highlands, and ________ to the south. Danube, Elbe, and Rhine Rivers are used to transport goods and materials. B.In the early 1900’s, Germany’s attempt to control Europe led to ____ world wars. C.In 1945, Soviet Union controlled ___________ E. Germany and W. Germany became democratic. D._____________ came about in 1990, when the 2 parts united into one under a federal republic. Chancellor is the head and appointed. E.Germany has the _________ population in Europe and Berlin is its capital. smallest multinational Alps 2 communist Reunification largest

F.Most speak ___________ and are Catholic or Protestant. G.Germany is a global _____________ power and a leader if the EU because of its industry. IV. Switzerland and Austria (dominated by the Alps range) A.___________ Switzerland has practiced neutrality due to location. B.Switzerland is a thriving __________ nation w/a stable democracy. C.Switzerland has ____ national languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Most speak more than one. D.___________ is a landlocked country east of Switzerland. The mountains cover and provide timber and iron ore. E.Most live in cities, speak German, and practice Roman _________. F.The capital is Vienna, located on the ___________, and is the center of their culture German economic Landlocked industrial 4 Austria Catholic Danube

Chapter Notes 12-3 (Southern Europe) I. Spain and Portugal A.Both are located on the ____________ Peninsula. Spain is made up of the Pyrenees Mts. and the Meseta, a dry plateau. B._______ farming is practiced since there is a lack of rain. C.Manufacturing and __________ industries dominate the economy along w/tourism. D.Castilian ___________ is Spain’s official language though people of different regions speak different languages. E.Spain’s democratic government has given these regions a great deal of ___________ (self-rule). F.Spain’s capital is _______ and most live in cities and are Catholic. G.___________ is a small democratic country located west of Spain. Iberian Dry service Spanish autonomy Madrid Portugal

H.Most live in small villages near the capital of _________ and fish for a living. Subsidies are used to support manufacturing. II.Italy – boot-shaped peninsula center located on the Mediterranean. A.The Alps dominate the north and the ___________ run through the center. Sicily is a main island. B.It has an industrial economy and the _____ River Valley is rich in farming (grapes and olives). C.The southern part is ________ and many have left to look for jobs. D.Italy is a democratic republic, most speak _________ and are Catholic. E.90% live in cities and __________ is the capital and once the center of the Roman Empire. F.The ________ City, located inside of Rome, is the headquarters of the Catholic Church and is an independent country. Lisbon Apennines Po poorer Italian Rome Vatican

III.Greece – extends from the ____________ Peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea making up of 2,000 islands. A.Farming is limited due to poor, _________ soil.(olives and wheat) B.Greece has one of the largest ____________ fleets in the world. Tourism is also important. (Ancient Greece) C.60% are urban and 1/3 live near the capital of ________. Most speak Greek and follow Greek Orthodox Christianity. Chapter Notes 6-4 (Eastern Europe) I.Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics A.N. ________ Plain, Baltic Sea, and Carpathian Mts. make up Poland. B.After WWII, the communist set up a _________ economy, but today is a __________ economy. Warsaw is the capital. C.Belarus, former Soviet Republic has a rigid government and a command economy. Main resource is ___________. Balkan stony shipping Athens European command market potash

D.The ________ Republics - Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were under the control of the Soviet Union until E.All are ____________ and have strong economies based on dairy farming, fishing, and shipbuilding. II.Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary A. All three are ___________ countries and democracies today. B. The Czech Republic and Slovakia were ________ country under communist rule. C. The ______ have rolling hills, lowlands, and plains bordered by mts. D.Czechs have the __________ standard of living in Eastern Europe. E.__________, the capital, is the center of service industries, tourism, and manufacturing. G.The ____________ Mts. cover Slovakia. Bratislava is the capital and located on the Danube R. Baltic democracies landlocked one Czech highest Prague Carpathian

H.___________ landscape is a lowland area w. fertile farmland. I.Its capital is Budapest located on the Danube River. They are descendents of the ____________. III.Countries of Southeastern Europe A.There are ______ countries on southeastern Europe located along the Black Sea or Balkan Peninsula. B.Ukraine is the ______ country in Europe divided by the Dnieper R. C.Ukraine w/its rich soil for farming has the nickname “__________ of Europe”. D.Russians living in the Ukraine want _______ ties which have led to ethnic divisions. E.Romania was once ruled by the __________ and its language is based on Latin spoken in ancient Rome. Bucharest is the capital. Hungary’s Magyars 12 largest Breadbasket close Romans

F.Moldova is a landlocked country and is Europe’s __________. G.__________ is a mountainous country w/ fertile river valleys. H.Most countries on the Balkan Peninsula were once part of the Communist country called ____________. I.In the 1990’s, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia declared their _____________. J.Serbia wanted to keep Yugoslavia under __________ rule and as a result carried out ethnic cleansing. K.Albania is unique that it’s the only European country w/a ___________ majority population. poorest Bulgaria Yugoslavia independence Serbian Muslim