Second Exam One week from today Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 (most) Can humans share spaceship earth? Why Can't We Humans Share Spaceship Earth? The Vanishing Book of Life on Earth Can humans share spaceship earth? Why Can't We Humans Share Spaceship Earth? The Vanishing Book of Life on Earth Watch Average Temperatures Global Warming Watch Domino Effects Also Handouts 5, 6, and 7 Intelligent Design? Space Travel Agriculture EconomicsAverage Temperatures Global WarmingDomino Effects Intelligent Design? Space Travel Agriculture Economics

Partial derivatives, ∂N i /∂N j sensitivities of each species to changes in the density of each other species Jacobian matrix (community matrices) Lyapunov stability (negative leading dominant eigenvalue) The ecological niche, function of a species in the community Resource utilization functions (RUFs) Competitive communities in equilibrium with their resources Within & between phenotype components of niche breadth Hutchinson ’ s n-dimensional hypervolume concept Fundamental and Realized Niches Niche dimensionality, unidimensional shadows misleading Niche overlap hypothesis Resource matrices

Resource matrices of utilization coefficients (or electivities) Disjunct, Abutting, Overlapping, Included Niches Niche overlap hypothesis Niche dynamics and niche dimensionality, diffuse competition Complementarity of niche dimensions Independence of niche dimensions Unidimensional estimates of true multidimensional utilization Niche Breadth: Specialization versus generalization. Similar resources favor specialists, different resources favor generalists

MacArthur “ Economics of Consumer Choice ” Robust theorem: Diets contract when prey abundant MacArthur and Levins limiting similarity model Ambush versus Active Foragers: optimal foraging Compression Hypothesis Fisher ’ s model of adaptation and deterioration of environment, p. 92 Periodic tables of niches Thermoconformer versus thermoregulator continuum Ecological Equivalents, convergent evolution Adaptive Suite of horned lizards Convergent evolution, ecological equivalents (Moloch horridus)

Ten Morphometrics Snout-vent length Tail length Head length Head width Head depth Jaw length Forefoot length Foreleg length Hindfoot length Hindleg length

Multivariate techniques (principal components, ordination) Principal Components Analysis Reduces dimensionality (correlated data) Changes coordinate system (data positions unchanged) Log transform data

First Principal Component Second Principal Component

First Two Principal Components reduce variance by 92.4%

First Two Principle Components reduce variance by 92.4%

First Two Principal Components capture 92.4% of variance Agama

Phrynosoma Moloch Page 343

Experimental Ecology Controls Manipulation Replicates Pseudoreplication Rocky Intertidal Space Limited System Paine ’ s Pisaster removal experiment Connell: Balanus and Chthamalus Menge ’ s Leptasterias and Pisaster experiment Dunham ’ s Big Bend saxicolous lizards Brown ’ s Seed Predation experiments

R. T. Paine (1966) Pisaster Thais Chiton Limpet MytilusSemibalanus Mitella

Joseph Connell (1961)

Bruce Menge (1972) Leptasterias

Menge 1972 Bruce Menge

Sceloporus merriami Urosaurus ornatus Six rocky outcrops: 2 controls, 2 Sceloporus removal plots and 2 Urosaurus removal areas. ======================================== 4 year study: 2 wet and 2 dry: insect abundances Monitored density, feeding success, growth rates, body weights, survival, lipid levels Urosaurus removal did not effect Sceloporus density No effects during wet years (insect food plentiful) Insects scarce during dry years: Urosaurus growth and survival was higher on Sceloporus removal plots Arthur Dunham Grapevine Hills, Big Bend National Park

James Brown

Experimental Design of Seed Predation in the Chihuahuan Desert ___________________________________________________ PlotsTreatments ___________________________________________________ 11,14Controls 6,13Seed addition, large seeds, constant rate 2,22Seed addition, small seeds, constant rate 9,20Seed addition, mixed seeds, constant rate 1,18Seed addition, mixed seeds, temporal pulse 5,24Rodent removal, Dipodomys spectabilis (largest kangaroo rat) 15,21Rodent removal, all Dipodomys species (kangaroo rats) 7,16Rodent removal, all seed-eating rodents 8,12Pogonomyrmex harvester ants 4,17All seed-eating ants 3,19All Dipodomys plus Pogonomyrmex ants 10,23All seed-eating rodents plus all seed-eating ants ___________________________________________________________ Munger, J. C. and J. H. Brown Competition in desert rodents: an experiment with semipermeable enclosures. Science 211:

open circles = rodents removed solid circles = controls

Defaunation Experiments in the Florida Keys Islands of Mangrove trees were surveyed and numbers of arthropods recorded. Islands were then covered in plastic tents and fumigated with methyl bromide. Islands were then resurveyed at intervals to document the process of recolonization. Simberloff and Wilson (1970)

Simberloff and Wilson 1970

Evidence for Stability of Trophic Structure? First number is the number of species before defaunation, second in parentheses is the number after _____________________________________________________________________________ Trophic Classes ____________________________________________________________ Island H S D W A C P ?Total _____________________________________________________________________________ E1 9 (7)1 (0)3 (2)0 (0)3 (0)2 (1)2 (1)0 (0)20 (11) E211 (15)2 (2)2 (1)2 (2)7 (4)9 (4)3 (0)0 (1)36 (29) E3 7 (10)1 (2)3 (2)2 (0)5 (6)3 (4)2 (2)0 (0)23 (26) ST2 7 (6)1 (1)2 (1)1 (0)6 (5)5 (4)2 (1)1 (0)25 (18) E7 9 (10)1 (0)2 (1)1 (2)5 (3)4 (8)1 (2)0 (1)23 (27) E9 12 (7)1 (0)1 (1)2 (2)6 (5) 13 (10)2 (3)0 (1)37 (29) Totals55 (55)7 (5) 13 (8)8 (6) 32 (23) 36 (31) 12 (9) 1 (3) 164 (140) _____________________________________________________________________________ H = herbivore S = scavenger D = detritus feeder W = wood borer A = ant C = carnivorous predator ? = undetermined

E. O. Wilson (1969)

Experimental Ecology Controls, replicates, treatments, pseudoreplication Marine rocky intertidal, space-limited systems Joe Connell, barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus Bob Paine, mindless experiments, Pisaster removal, keystone predator Bruce Menge, removal + addition experiment with sea stars Art Dunham, Big Bend Grapevine hills, lizard removal experiments Jim Brown, New Mexico seed eating ants and rodents 2 replicates for each of 12 treatments (including 11 manipulations plus 2 controls). Short term: ants and rodents compete for seeds Large seeded plants versus small seeded plants Long term: indirect mutualism, facilitation between ants and rodents Simberloff and Wilson ’ s defaunation experiments in Florida keys Non-interactive, interactive, assortative, and evolutionary equilibria