Chemical Structures of the Three Main Hormone Types

Examples of Major Classes of Hormones

Two Main Mechanisms of Hormone Action Surface receptors Estradiol Testosterone cAMP cGMP SRC-1 CBP

Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin binds to its receptor (1) which in turn starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5) and fatty acid synthesis (6). "Insulin glucose metabolism" by User Meiquer English wikipedia. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons –

Endocrine Feedback Loops Insulin Epinephrine? LH Testosterone T cell lymphocytes Glucose

Hormone Production by the Posterior Pituitary

The Milk Letdown Reflex

Hormone Release by the Anterior Pituitary

Secretions of the Anterior Pituitary

Regulation of Gonadal Steroid Hormones Behavior

Integration of circuits at GnRH Neuron

Figure 2: ERα in hypothalamic circuits regulates energy metabolism and reproduction. Energy metabolism and fertility—a balance preserved for female health Sara Della Torre, Valeria Benedusi, Roberta Fontana & Adriana Maggi Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10, 13–23 (2014)

Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways Hormones play a role in social behavior: (permissive or activational) Oxytocin –released during nursing interaction Orgasm Child birth –promotes pair-bonds in females and males Vasopressin –in male prairie voles, facilitates the formation of pair-bonds with females Testosterone –interest in sex in males and females –Increased probability of aggressive behavior

Interactive Signals between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System

The Reciprocal Relations between Hormones and Behavior More success in getting dates Increased Confidence Higher Testosterone levels

Sex According to Thurber and White Map from “Is Sex Necessary? Or, Why You Feel the Way You Do” a book of prose by Thurber and White (1929) that spoofs the medical “Psychiatric” explanations of the everyday reality of marriage, love and romance.

Use of the term “Sex” –To imply Sexual activity better to use: –sexual intercourse –copulation –Categories of male or female in reference to reproduction Because of differences in : –Genetics; XX or XY –Anatomy such as penis or vagina –Behavior »Nursing offspring »Fighting for territory Can be problematic when applied to humans –Intersex individuals –Homosexual behavior –Variable parenting, territorial and foraging behaviors –Complex social organization –Should not be confounded with “Gender” Gender is a combination of phenotypic traits Recall that Phenotype is Genetics interacting with Environment Gender is not easily divided into categories

Reproduction –The sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same kind –the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring –a fundamental feature of all known life Sexual Activity and Reproduction can be separated but often one leads to the other

Stages of Reproductive Behavior

Androgens Permit Male Copulatory Behavior

Neural Circuits for Reproduction in Rodents

Sexual Differentiation in Humans

Sexual Differentiation and Gender Identity (Part 1)

Sexual Differentiation and Gender Identity (Part 2)

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