Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCommunication: “Concert of Europe “ VConservatism VCompensation VFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. VPunishment VCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCommunication: “Concert of Europe “ VConservatism VCompensation VFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. VPunishment VCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

VFrance was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon. VRussia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). VPrussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories. VA Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. VAustria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. VThe House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule. Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Changes Made at Vienna (2) VNorway and Sweden were joined. VThe neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VHanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. VThe Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging). VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Analysis “Gentlemen's Agreement" - verbal, no constitution Conservative if not Reactionary –Common goal: prevent another revolution –liberties and rights of American and French Revolutions de-emphasized –“The Burkean Rev” - Edmund Burke: Chief job of the state was to guarantee the passage of property from one generation to another. The implication was that changes had to be gradual so as not to disrupt the passage of property from one generation to another –Big 4 as Policemen against Rev

British caricaturist and social critic George Cruikshank drew this nightmarish image of "Social Reform" menacing the rich and powerful in 1819 to satirize conservative fears of change. "I'm coming! I'm coming! I shall have you!" the monster cries. "And though I'm at your heels now, I'll be at your heads presently."

Analysis The 2 great 19 th Century European Movements - liberalism and nationalism - halted, temporarily. –Not crushed : Italy under Garibaldi and Cavour, Prussia under Bismarck Britain appeared to acquire minimal advantages in the settlement, given that she had spent £600 million on the wars. She got no land in Europe, but Britain did gain colonial strength which helped her trade and commerce. Britain became THE European colonial power Austria won undue influence

Analysis Communication –1815 Congress of Vienna –1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle –1820 Congress of Troppau –1821 Congress of Laibach –1822 Congress of Verona… –League of Nations → UN Prevented widespread European war for nearly 100 years (1815–1914)