Chapter 34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

The was a meeting of representatives of 66 nations from June 12 to July 27, 1933, at the Geological Museum in London. Its purpose was to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates. The Conference was "torpedoed" by U.S. President Roosevelt in early July, when Roosevelt denounced currency stabilization. London Economic Conference Officially the Philippine Independence Act, enacted March 24, 1934, was a United States federal law which provided for self- government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years. Tydings–McDuffie Act

The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. The policy's main principle was that of non-intervention and non- interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America; however, many Latin American governments were not convinced. Good Neighbor policy The Reciprocal Tariff Act (enacted June 12, 1934) provided for the negotiation of tariff agreements between the United States and separate nations, particularly Latin American countries. The Act served as an institutional reform intended to authorize the president to negotiate with foreign nations to reduce tariffs in return for reciprocal reductions in tariffs in the United States. It resulted in a reduction of duties and gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. This law enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe. It is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day. The Reciprocal Tariff Act

U.S.S.R.ITALY GERMANY JAPAN

The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. The Neutrality Acts are widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany.

6 TESTING GROUND: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: REPUBLICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED BY: FRANCO FASCIST NATIONALISTS SUPPORTED BY: USSRNAZI GERMANY INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES FASCIST ITALY THE DEMOCRACIES REACT: BRITAIN,FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES REMAINED NEUTRAL AND REFUSED TO AID EITHER SIDE BECAUSE THEY DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT ANOTHER WAR THIS ACTUALLY HELPED FRANCO WIN BECAUSE HITLER & MUSSOLINI GAVE SUBSTANTIAL MILITARY AID

7 HITLER BEGINS HIS MARCH TO WORLD CONQUEST LEADING TO WORLD WAR II 1935 HITLER DECLARES GERMANY WILL REARM IN VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MARCH 1936 HITLER SENDS GERMAN SOLDIERS TO REOCCUPY THE RHINELAND, NEXT TO FRANCE, VIOLATING THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES MARCH 1938 HITLER TAKES OVER AUSTRIA AND TURNS IT INTO A GERMAN PROVINCE KNOWN AS OSTMARK SEPTEMBER 1938 HITLER DEMANDS AND IS GIVEN THE STRATEGIC CZECHOSLOVAKIAN SUDETENLAND WITHOUT A FIGHT MARCH 1939 HITLER TAKES OVER THE REST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 HITLER INVADES POLAND SEPTEMBER 3, 1939, BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY AND WORLD WAR TWO BEGINS

8 EUROPEAN LEADERS AT THE MUNICH CONFERENCE THAT GAVE THE SUDETENLAND TO HITLER. A PRIME EXAMPLE OF APPEASEMENT. NO REPRESENTATIVE FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA WAS INVITED TO ATTEND. NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN EDOUARD DALADIER “PEACE IN OUR TIME”

9 HITLER WANTED TO AVOID FIGHTING ON TWO FRONTS AT ONE TIME THE WORLD IS SHOCKED WHEN TWO BITTER ENEMIES, GERMANY AND THE USSR, SIGN A NONAGGRESSION PACT IN AUGUST 1939 PROMISING NOT TO ATTACK EACH OTHER

10 HITLER INVADES POLAND: SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

HITLER CONQUERS DENMARK, NORWAY, NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG

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13 GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL RADAR PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DEFEATING THE GERMAN AIR FORCE AND PREVENTING HITLER FROM INVADING BRITAIN

14 THE LONDON BLITZ: GERMANS TURN THEIR BOMBERS AGAINST LONDON AND OTHER BRITISH CITIES

The Destroyer Deal: The September 2, 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement, whereby 50 US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for basing rights in the Caribbean. Winston Churchill also granted the US base rights in Bermuda and Newfoundland gratis, allowing British military assets to be redeployed. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 enacted September 16, 1940,was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. This Selective Service Act required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards. Later, when the U.S. entered World War II, all men aged 18 to 45 were made subject to military service, and all men aged 18 to 65 were required to register.

16 THE UNITED STATES BECAME INVOLVED BY SUPPLYING WAR MATERIALS FOR THE ALLIES Lend-Lease enacted March 11, 1941 was a program under which the United States supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and August It effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality. THE SS ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED AS MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE USA

OPERATION BARBAROSSA

18 CHURCHILL AND FDR MEET AND AGREED ON THE POSTWAR WORLD: THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

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20 THE US PUT AN OIL EMBARGO ON JAPAN. SINCE JAPAN RECEIVED 80% OF ITS IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES, THEY WERE FORCED TO MODIFY THEIR CONSUMPTION. USING HORSE CARTS FOR DELIVERIES TO SAVE GAS USING COAL TO FUEL CARS

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