RELATIONAL DATABASES, LOCATION REFERENCING SYSTEMS, AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Instructional Objectives n Understand principles and concepts of relational databases n Understand need for location referencing systems n Global Positioning System n Geographic Information Systems

Instructional Objectives WHY Examine DATABASES? Databases are the storage vessel for PMS data and the basis for PMS analysis. The PMS engineer needs some background in database design to discuss the database setup with the database designer.

Database Management Systems n Hierarchical n Network n Relational Route Year Mile Ref

Tables, Fields and Records n Example Road Section Table Road Section Table Record Field or Attribute Table

Keys n A field or fields in table used to access data in table n Can be unique or non-unique n Only a unique key can be used as ‘Primary Key’ n Section ID was Primary Key in Road Section Table n Used in relating tables

One-to-Many Relationships Consider relating Condition Table to Road Section Table Foreign Key Primary Key Road Section Table Condition Table One-to-Many Relationship

Consider relating Construction History Table below to Road Section Table Many-to-Many Relationships ? Construction History Table Road Section Table

The Junction Table Construction History Table Road Section Table Junction Table

n Process of dividing database into separate tables which eliminates unnecessary duplication and facilitates all relationships as ‘one-to-many’ n Rule of thumb: significantly reduce duplicate data Normalization

Example of Normalization Original Road Section Table Modified Road Section Table Standards Table BECOMES: Duplicate values

n Official standard language for dealing with relational systems n Defined by ANSI standard, though every vendor has own version Structured Query Language (SQL)

n ‘Data’ are values physically stored in database n ‘Information’ is meaning of those values as understood by some user n For example, values in Min_Width field of Standards Table are not information until you know their units (e.g., 27 vs. 27 ft) Data vs Information

Pavement Sections Different Pavement section lengths for inventory, condition, costs, maintenance/rehabilitation history Fixed length sections or Dynamic segmentation based on a variable level, such as condition Temporary analysis sections based on the “least common denominator” or section length using Concurrent transformation routines

Pavement Sections DYNAMIC SEGMENTATION

Pavement Sections CONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION The transforms are based on weighted-averages base on length AADT Material Cost TransAADT Mat Cost100240

Pavement Sections CONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION Transformation Classes: (1) weighted average, (2) sum, (3) maximum value, (4) minimum value, (5) statistical average, (6) first occurrence, and (7) most length

PMS DATA LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS Support for PMS Linking PMS data to the pavement

Where are we Toto? We’re not in Kansas anymore!!! LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS

n Location: position on road n Address: string of characters uniquely identifying a location n Location Reference Method (LRM): procedures used in field to find address of a location n Location Reference System (LRS): procedures used to manage location referencing Definitions

Linear: The mile point is the offset in miles from the beginning of the road in the primary direction. The mile post is a post placed along the road, with a number placed on it representing the mile point of the post. Reference Point Reference Post Location Reference Methods

n Fundamentally same; get address by getting distance from known point n Problems associated with inability to reproduce distances between points n Difference between “plan” distance and over the road distances Linear Location Reference Methods Plan distance

The mile (or kilometer) point location reference method is the most fundamental linear method of all. This method assumes each road has one reference point located at the beginning of the road. The address of any point along the road is given as an offset. Mile Point Offset

n ‘Known point’ is a post n Re-establishing milepost signs n Issues with route realignment Mile Post

REFERENCE SYSTEMS MILE POSTS START MP 0.0 MP 1.0 MP3.0 MP 5.0 MP7.0

REFERENCE SYSTEMS MILE POSTS START MP 0.0 MP 1.0 MP3.0 MP 5.0 MP7.0 Primary Direction Secondary Direction North & East South & West Length of Route in Primary Direction may be different than that in the Secondary Direction.

REFERENCE SYSTEMS MILE POSTS START MP 0.0 MP 1.0 MP3.0 MP 5.0 MP7.0 Over the Road Miles As measured by the collection vehicle DMI As measured by a set of plans

REFERENCE SYSTEMS LINK-NODE NODE 121 NODE 231LINK RT 521 RT 611 RT 713

n ‘Known point’ is a post Reference Post

n ‘Known point’ is identifiable physical feature on road Reference Point Intersection Bridge Center Railroad crossing

n What is GPS? Triangulation n Sources of Error – overheard cover n Differential GPS based on permanent base station n Using GPS for PMS Global Positioning System (GPS)

REFERENCE SYSTEMS STATE COORDINATE SYSTEM - (GPS/GIS) LONG LAT LONG LAT LONG LAT Global Positioning System (GPS) n Satellites send radio signal. n Receiver uses ‘velocity * travel-time to calculate location. Triangulation

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) n What is GIS? [ESRI ARC GIS] ARCMap Demo n Main Ingredients –Spatial Data –Attribute Data

n Contains all fundamental geographic features n Source and content varies n TIGER files, aerial photographs, or local hard copy maps are typical sources n Base Map preparation of GIS is the most time consuming The Base Map

n Useful for integrating line objects (roads), point objects (signs), and polygon objects (political boundaries) with pavement data. n Used for display and analyses of system data Integrating Data with a GIS “The picture is worth a 1000 words!”

n If PMS uses only traditional roadway data, then GIS is not required for integration n If it uses non-traditional data such as boundaries, then a GIS is required for spatial integration Application of GIS in PMS

n Dynamic Segmentation and Concurrent Transformation are linear functions not GIS functions n If PMS needs to show map, and no GIS exists, use Automated Mapping n If GIS exists, use it Application of GIS in PMS (continued)

PMS DATABASES COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES

PMS COORDINATED DATABASES COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES  INVENTORY - RT NUMBER, FUNCTIONAL CLASS,  PAVEMENT TYPE, etc.  CONDITION - RIDE QUALITY, DISTRESS, FRICTION,  DEFLECTION  COSTS  HISTORY  TRAFFIC / LOADS

PAVEMENT HISTORY Initial Construction Data Date, Cost, Material, Structure, etc. Pavement Preservation Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc. Rehabilitation Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc. Reconstruction Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.

COSTS AGENCY COSTS  P&E  DESIGN  CONSTRUCTION  PREVENTIVE AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE  PRESERVATION / REHABILITATION / RECONSTRUCTION  SALVAGE

PMS DATABASES DATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS DEFICIENCY REPORTS – SECTIONS WITH UNACCEPTABLE CONDITION PERFORMANCE HISTORIES DISPLAY GIVEN CONDITION PARAMETER OVER TIME OR LOADS CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, REHAB HISTORIES LIST OF BUDGET NEEDS - STATE, MPO, COUNTY, TOLL AUTHORITIES

PMS DATABASES DATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS [TABULAR, BUSINESS GRAPHICS, GIS MAP, Video] SectionYearCost $100, $237,999

Data Storage Terabyte Mountain 1 Terabyte = 1,024 Gigabytes

ASSET MANAGEMENT Pavement Management Bridge Management Water System Management Sewer System Management Sign Management Traffic Signal Management Facilities Management Equipment Management Work Order Cost Accounting Etc.

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Deighton dTIMS Stantec Highway Performance Monitoring System Agile Assets Pavement Analyst Cartegraph Pavement View and Pavement View Plus In-house developed

Deighton dTIMS CT

AgileAssets Pavement Analyst Pavement Analyst’s features: Access to PMS data Custom Configuration Integrated GIS Built-in Reporting

Cartegraph Overall Relationship Scenari o

Cartegraph Critical Elements in Models and Scenarios

Cartegraph Setting up options

Cartegraph Establishing Performance Models

Questions?