3G Migrations

Why we need 3G? Or 3G is enough for us?

Secretes of Upgrades Maximize- ---Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency Battery Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost

Cellular Generation 1 G 2 G 2.5 G 3 G 3.5 G 4 G

1G - Characteristics Analogue transmission technology Focus on voice Data services almost non-existent Incompatible standards Different frequencies and signaling International roaming impossible Inefficient use of the radio spectrum

Example of 1G 1G – NTT 1G - NMT-450 1G – AMPS 1G - TACS

1G - NTT Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) Now NTT DoCoMo 1979 Tokyo World’s first operational cellular system

1G - NMT-450 Nordic Mobile Telephone Sweden First wireless communications standard deployed in Europe Pioneered the use of light portable handsets Supported international roaming

1G - AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 1982 USA Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all operators in the USA had to adhere to.

1G - TACS Total Access Coverage (TACS) 1985 UK Adaptation of AMPS Complies with frequency allocation in Europe

1G - Network Access Technique Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Subdivides the available spectrum into a number of frequency slots Each user is assigned a separate frequency.

1G - Services Standard voice No data services No supplementary services Call barring

The 1G Landscape A series of incompatible networks Limited capacity for expansion Limited support for roaming Susceptible to interference Poor security No support for wireless data No third party applications

Solution: 2G Digital techniques rather than analogue Increased flexibility error control compression More efficient use of available bandwidth Increased compatibility with the fixed component of the PSTN Increased quality of service Possibility of wireless data services

Example of 2G 2G- GSM 2G - D-AMPS 2G - IS-95 2G - PDC

2G - GSM Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Conceived in 1982 Deployed in 1992 in Europe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Most successful 2G system Voice 13kb/3 (Sig) and Data 9.6/4.4k

2G - D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (DAMPS) Also called IS-54 (Interim Standard 54) 1991 Dual mode terminals ensuring backward compatibility IS-136 introduced in 1996 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) TR-45 Committee

2G - IS-95 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) Also called cdmaOne 1993 USA Qualcomm Inc. Pioneered the use of the network access technique CDMA

2G - PDC Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 1991 Japan Two modes Full-rate Half-rate

2G - Network Access Technique Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their transmissions in time In practice.. Available spectrum is divided into frequency channels (recall FDMA!) Each frequency channel is further subdivided into cyclic timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …) A call is assigned a time slot

2G - Services Depends on Network standard Operator policies Improved standard telephony (speech) Basic wireless data Additional services Call barring

Example: GSM Services Teleservices Speech Emergency calls Short Message Service (SMS) Bearer Services Telefax Basic data (9.6kb/s) Supplementary Services Call forwarding Call barring

2G - 3G Transition Driver? Higher data bandwidth requirement anticipated subscriber demand for  audio/Video streaming  other multimedia services  collaborative services  location services Possibility of third party applications being developed

Recall: Circuit v Packet Switching Circuit Switched.. A dedicated channel is established for the duration of a call Packet Switched … A message is subdivided into packets which are sent individually and may follow different routes to their destination. The packets are then used to reassemble the original message.

3G - Migration Strategies Migrate straight to 3G This approach is being take by some operators in Japan (PDC) and the USA (IS-95) Migrate incrementally to 3G Operators progressively and incrementally incorporate a number of technologies into their networks This approach is taken by operators in both Europe and the USA This strategy is sometimes referred to as 2.5G

2.5 G Examples 2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) 2.5G - GPRS (GSM) 2.5G - EDGE (GSM) 2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) 2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)

2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s ( kb/s) Inefficient for certain types of application Data increased 14.4kb and 1.6 channel coding

2.5G - GPRS (GSM) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Introduces packet switching to GSM “Always-on” Uses multiple timeslots (channels) 14.4 kb/s per channel Maximum of kb/s --eight channel Dynamic resource allocation Supports IP Billing per KB, NOT per sec.

2.5G - EDGE (GSM) Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Maximum 384 kb/s 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) Send more bits down the line 3 fold increase over GSM Two classes of handset: Class A (EDGE only on downlink) Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)

2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) Two phase migration path IS-136+ Integrate GPRS Note: packet switching already supported by Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)! IS-136 High Speed Outdoor Integrate EDGE Subscribers can roam between IS-136HS and GSM networks supporting EDGE

2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95) Enhanced version of IS-95 Already supports packet switching (CDPD) Maximum of (8 14.4kb/s) Realistically … 28.8 kb/s to 57.6 kb/s on downlink 14.4 kb/s on uplink

2.5G - Services Standard services that can use packet switching: WWW browsing file downloading e.g. mp3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

3G - Principal Requirements - I Support for voice quality comparable with fixed line networks; Support for both circuit-switched and packet- switched data services; Support for roaming between different IMT operators; Support for greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency;

3G - Principal Requirements - II A data rate of 144 kb/s for users moving quickly e.g. moving vehicles; A data rate of 384 kb/s for pedestrians; A data rate of 2 Mb/s in a low mobility or office environment. Note how a network using GPRS and EDGE meets most of these criteria!

3GPP & 3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project (ETSI/ARIB/TTC/TTA/CCSA) Europe /Japan/China Third Generation Partnership 2 (ARIB, CCSA, TIA, TTA and TTC) from CDMA IS-95

3G - The IMT2000 Initiative Conceived in 1986 Sought to define a single world-wide standard for accessing the global telecommunications infrastructure from both terrestrial and satellite mobile systems Problem: backward compatibility So five standards approved for the air interface!

3G - Air Interface Standards I IMT-DS (Direct Spread), also known as Wideband CDMA Frequency Division Duplex (W-CDMA-FDD). IMT-TC (Time Code) or W-CDMA Time Division Duplex (W-CDMA-TDD). IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000. IMT-SC (Single Carrier), also known as EDGE or UWC-136. IMT-FT (Frequency Time), for cordless sytems e.g. DECT

3G - Interface Standards II

3G Networks

3G - Network Access Technique Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Signal is modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms or codes. Subscribers may submit at the same frequency and time but signal separation is facilitated via the signature waveform In contrast with TDMA More robust Less susceptible to fading & interference

Example: 3G Services (UMTS) Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) Four QoS classes of services Conversational Class  Voice, video telephony,video gaming Streaming Class  multimedia, video on demand, webcast Interactive Class  WWW browsing, database access, online gaming Background Class  , SMS, file downloading

Migration Stages

Steps towards 3G 1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network) All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN 2- Data Network 3- Core Network 4- RAN Network

1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network ) Migration

2-Data Network Migration

3-Core Network Migration Classic MSC (Control and Switching) Classical MSC Architecture (old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/ ’Monolitic’ Architecture) TDM MSC MSC Server (Control) Mobile Media Gateway (Switching) Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network Architecture) IP/ATM/TDM Control Layer MSC-SMGwMSC-SMGw

Layer Architecture

3-RAN Network Migration

GSM(2G)-- 2.5G--3G-----  LTE R-99---R4 ( We are in this stage in core side) HSDPA (Higher speed data downlink access) HSDUA (Higher speed data uplink access) LTE (Long Term Evolution) Goals include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum and refarmed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards

3G Migration Plan

3.5G UMTS High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!) Incremental upgrade More functionality in Node B Backward compatible with W-CDMA High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Other Technologies WiMAX, etc, etc

4G- Some Speculations Global Mobility Increased data rates..100Mbps? All IP network When?

TDM/IP MSC Server PSTN MGW H.248 SIP-T Softswitch MSC (R4)/LMSD MSC Server TDM MSC PSTN CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN MISUP Legacy MSC (R99) MSC Divided into MSC Server & MGW IP MGCF PSTN MGW H.248 SIP MGCF CSCF CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN IMS/MMD (R5/R6)5 CS + IMS (+ PS) CS (+ PS) IMS (+ PS)

GSM to 3G Steps

3GPP - Organizational Partners

3GPP2 - Organizational Partners

Thanks allot