Anatomy and Physiology Objectives: 1. Describe the branches of Anatomy and Physiology 2. Recognize the main functions of each organ system.

Anatomy: The study of STRUCTURE. Gross Anatomy: Gross Anatomy: Large, easily observable structures. Large, easily observable structures. Microscopic Anatomy: Microscopic Anatomy: Structures too small to observe with the naked eye. Structures too small to observe with the naked eye. Cytology – the study of cells Cytology – the study of cells Histology – the study of tissues Histology – the study of tissues

Physiology – The study of FUNCTON. Ex: Cardiac Physiology: study of the function of the heart Ex: Cardiac Physiology: study of the function of the heart

Organization in Living Things Cells are made of organic molecules: Cells are made of organic molecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids make up the cell and organelles. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids make up the cell and organelles. Molecules  Atoms  Cells  Tissues  Organ  Organ System  Organism Molecules  Atoms  Cells  Tissues  Organ  Organ System  Organism

Organization in Living Things Damage at any level can affect the health and functioning of the organism.

Systems of Support Integumentary System: The Skin Integumentary System: The Skin The external covering of the body, AKA skin!! The external covering of the body, AKA skin!! Functions: Functions: Waterproofs the body Waterproofs the body Protects the deeper tissues from injury Protects the deeper tissues from injury Regulates body temperature Regulates body temperature

Systems of Support  Skeletal System  Serves as a framework of support  Protects internal organs  Muscular System  Skeletal muscles make up the muscular system. Contract/shorten for movement, heat production Contract/shorten for movement, heat production

Systems of Control Nervous System Nervous System The body’s fast-acting control system The body’s fast-acting control system Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands Regulates gradual changes within the body, with chemical controllers called hormones. Regulates gradual changes within the body, with chemical controllers called hormones.

Systems that maintain Homeostasis Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels Delivery & transport of gases, nutrients and wastes Delivery & transport of gases, nutrients and wastes Respiratory System: Lungs Respiratory System: Lungs Gas exchange (carbon dioxide  oxygen) Gas exchange (carbon dioxide  oxygen)

Systems that maintain Homeostasis Digestive System Digestive System Alimentary Canal: A tube running through the body from mouth to anus. Alimentary Canal: A tube running through the body from mouth to anus. Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients Urinary System Urinary System Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Lymphatic/Immune System: Lymphatic/Immune System: Defends body against pathogens, infection and disease Defends body against pathogens, infection and disease Reproductive System: Reproductive System: Main function is producing offspring Main function is producing offspring Produces gametes (egg and sperm) Produces gametes (egg and sperm) Systems that maintain Homeostasis

Maintaining Life Objectives: Objectives: 1. Become familiar with the human body’s necessary life functions & survival needs. 2. Define homeostasis & how it persists in the body. 3. Differentiate between positive & negative feedback and provide examples

Necessary Life Functions Maintained boundaries (insides separate from outside) Maintained boundaries (insides separate from outside) Movement Movement Responsiveness (to environment) Responsiveness (to environment) Digestion Digestion Metabolism (ATP, energy) Metabolism (ATP, energy) Excretion (removing waste) Excretion (removing waste) Reproduction Reproduction Growth (cell growth) Growth (cell growth)

Survival Needs Nutrients (for energy & cell maintenance Nutrients (for energy & cell maintenance Oxygen (O 2 releases energy from food) Oxygen (O 2 releases energy from food) Water Water Regulated body temperature (98.6° F) Regulated body temperature (98.6° F) Regulated atmospheric pressure (for breathing) Regulated atmospheric pressure (for breathing)

Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing A.K.A. “balance” or “equilibrium” A.K.A. “balance” or “equilibrium” In order for homeostasis to occur/continue, the following are needed… In order for homeostasis to occur/continue, the following are needed…

Homeostasis needs…. 1. A Receptor: A type of sensor that responds to changes in the environment. 2. A Control Center: Analyzes information it receives from the environment then determines the response. 3. The Effector: Acts out the control center’s response to the stimulus.

Feedback Negative Feedback Negative Feedback The most common feedback The most common feedback The body is trying to slow or stop the stimulus The body is trying to slow or stop the stimulus

Feedback Positive Feedback Positive Feedback Far less common Far less common The body is trying to increase the stimulus The body is trying to increase the stimulus Ex. Childbirth & Blood clotting Ex. Childbirth & Blood clotting