Biology and Chemistry 6.3 __________________ 6.4 __________________

Water Water __________________ –____________________________________ ____________________________________ Has a _________________________________ These special properties make water act like a ________! Water helps _______________________________

Polar Molecules ________________________

Mixtures with water: SOLUTIONS Water is considered to be the universal solvent __________________________________________ A simple solution is _________________________________________ A solute __________________________________________ The solvent ___________________________________________ As a rule of thumb, _______________________________________

Mixtures Mixture –A _____________________________________________ Homogenous mixtures –Is the same throughout the entire mixture –_____________________________________________ –Ex: Lemonade (____________________________) Heterogeneous mixtures –_____________________________________________ –You could pick the pieces apart –Ex: Salad (_________________________________) –Includes COLLOIDS which are kind of strange Ex: _____________________________________________

Comprehension Check Why is water considered the “universal solvent”? Name one common heterogeneous solution. Name one common homogeneous solution.

Acids and Bases Acids and bases _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Acids –A dissolved substance __________________(hydrogen ion) –The more H+, ___________________________ Bases –A dissolved substance ___________________(hydroxide ion) –The more OH-, _________________________________

pH and Buffers pH scale _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Neutral_____________________________________________ Buffers _____________________________________________ Ex: You blood must be at a pH of 7.4, there are buffers in your blood to keep the pH at this range

Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic pH scale Neutral : equal amounts of OH- and H+ Acid: more H+ Base: more OH-

Biochemistry Scientists studied Ramshorn snails. Each aquaria contained the same number of Ramshorn snails, but had differing pH values as shown: Aquaria A – 6.0pH Aquaria B – 10.0pH Aquaria C – 12.0pH After four months a high percentage of the snails in the aquaria A had exterior shell damage from dissolving. The snails in aquaria B and C had no shell damage and seemed to be thriving. What was most likely being studied in this experiment? a.The relationship between pH and the temperature of pond water. b.The effect of predators on the population size of Ramshorn snails. c.The effect of acid rain on the Ramshorn snails. d.The effect of density on the growth of Ramshorn snails.

Testing for pH _________: put a drop of the solution on the paper and then compare it to the colors on the key ____________ –____________ Blue paper will turn red in acid (BRA) –____________ Red will turn blue in base (BB)

Comprehension Check What makes something an acid? What makes something a base? What are the two testing solutions used when working with pH?

Carbon Carbon Everywhere…. Organic Compounds: these compounds contain carbon, they are the basis for life (all living things contain carbon) Examples: Carbs, sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids Inorganic Compounds: these compounds do not contain carbon Examples: WATER, Salt, Vitamins, Carbon Dioxide???

Macromolecule: “giant” molecules found in living cells, they are formed by linking together many smaller units into a larger unit (4 majors ones in all living things!) Smaller units: monomers (mono=one) Larger units: polymers (poly=many) Organic Molecules

Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Comprehension Check What do all organic compounds have in common? What are the four main types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide (Sugar) Polymer: Disaccharides (Sugar), Polysaccharides (Starch) Main functions: –Energy –Structure (plants and arthropods)

Testing for Carbohydrates Monosaccharide (Sugar)  Benedict’s Test –Add equal parts of the solution and benedicts –Heat for a few minutes –Bright Colors = Sugar Present Polysaccharide (Starch)  Iodine Test –Add equal parts of the solution and iodine –If it turns black/dark purple there is starch present

Comprehension Check What is the other word for sugar? What is the other word for starch?

Proteins Monomer: Amino Acid –There are 20 types of amino acids, but they all have the same basic structure Polymer: Polypeptide main functions of proteins: –Build body tissues, nails, hair –Helps reactions in your body occur faster

Test for Protein Protein Test  Biuret’s Test –Add equal parts solution and biuret –If the solution turns lavender then there is protein present

Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: DNA, RNA Function –Store and transmit genetic information

Lipids Monomer: Fatty Acid Polymer: Fatty Acid with extended tails Insoluble in water!! Why?? –Non-polar Main functions: 1.Storage of Energy 2.Major component of cell membranes Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, hormones

Testing for Lipids Lipid (Fat) Test  Brown Paper Towel Test –Add and few drops of the solution to a BROWN paper towel –Wait for the solution to DRY –If it is transparent there is lipid present