Micro-architectured materials: past, present and future

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Chapter 4 Material Property Charts

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Micro-architectured materials: past, present and future by N. A. Fleck, V. S. Deshpande, and M. F. Ashby Proceedings A Volume 466(2121):2495-2516 September 8, 2010 ©2010 by The Royal Society

A materials time-line. A materials time-line. The scale is nonlinear, with big steps at the bottom, small ones at the top. An asterisk indicates the date at which an element was first identified. Labels without an asterisk give the date at which the material became of practical importance. PEEK, poly ether ether ketone; PES, poly ether sulfone; PPS, poly phenylene sulphide; LLDPE, linear low-density polyethylene; PPO, polyphenylene oxide; POM, polyoxymethylene; PC, polypropylene; HDPE, high-density polyethylene; PS, polystyrene; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene; PU, polyurethane; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; CFRP, carbon fibre reinforced polymer; GFRP, glass fibre reinforced polymer. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The progressive filling of material property space over time (the charts list the date at the top left)—here the way the materials have been developed over time to meet demands on strength and density. The progressive filling of material property space over time (the charts list the date at the top left)—here the way the materials have been developed over time to meet demands on strength and density. Similar time plots show the progressive filling of similar plots for all material properties. PE, polyethylene; CFRP, carbon fibre reinforced polymer; GFRP, glass fibre reinforced polymer; PEEK, poly ether ether ketone; PA, polyamide; PC, polycarbonate; PET, polyethylene terephthalate. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Kagome lattice, (b) triangular lattice and (c) hexagonal lattice. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Venn diagram for selected two-dimensional lattices. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Material property charts of (a) E versus ρ and (b) σY versus ρ for engineering materials. Material property charts of (a) E versus ρ and (b) σY versus ρ for engineering materials. Predictions for bending-dominated foams and stretching-dominated lattices of CFRP and aluminium are superimposed. Lattices expand the occupied area of both charts. PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate; PA, polyamide; PEEK, poly ether ether ketone; PS, polystyrene; PP, polypropylene; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PE, polyethylene; PC, polycarbonate; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene; CFRP, carbon fibre reinforced polymer; EVA, ethylene vinyl acetate. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

A hierarchical lattice on two length scales. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Boundary-layer analysis: lattice material with a macroscopic crack under K-control. Boundary-layer analysis: lattice material with a macroscopic crack under K-control. The joint displacements and rotations associated with a K-field are prescribed on the outer boundary. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The predicted mode I fracture toughness KIC plotted as a function of relative density , for the three isotropic lattices: hexagonal, triangular and Kagome. The predicted mode I fracture toughness KIC plotted as a function of relative density , for the three isotropic lattices: hexagonal, triangular and Kagome. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Predictions of the scaling of the fracture toughness of the Kagome lattice with relative density for three choices of the length scale ratio ℓ/a0 and . Predictions of the scaling of the fracture toughness of the Kagome lattice with relative density for three choices of the length scale ratio ℓ/a0 and . N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

A plot of fracture toughness, KIC, against density ρ for engineering materials. A plot of fracture toughness, KIC, against density ρ for engineering materials. It shows how the fracture toughness of a zirconia Kagome lattice is predicted to evolve with density. At low densities, the lattice is far tougher than foams with a bending-dominated architecture. PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PA, polyamide; PP, polypropylene. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The damage tolerance of a lattice material and the parent solid. N. A. Fleck et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2010;466:2495-2516 ©2010 by The Royal Society