_______ – structural support and insulation _________ – communication Soma – cell body __________ – receive Axon – transmit away _______________ – speeds up transmission Terminal Button – end of axon; secretes neurotransmitters _________________ – chemical messengers

Figure 3.1 Structure of the neuron

Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) - giant squid Fluids inside and outside neuron Electrically charged particles (ions) Neuron at rest – negative charge on inside compared to outside -70 millivolts – resting potential

Stimulation causes __________________ to open briefly Positively charged ________ ions flow in Shift in electrical charge travels along neuron The _____________ __________________ law

Figure 3.2 The neural impulse

Animation 3.1 Neuron and Neural Impulse Windows Mac OS X

_________ cleft Presynaptic neuron Synaptic _______ Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic neuron _________ sites

Animation 3.2 Synaptic Transmission Windows Mac OS X

Figure 3.3 The synapse

Voltage change at receptor site – _______________ (PSP) Not all-or-none Changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing Positive voltage shift – ____________ PSP Negative voltage shift – ___________ PSP

Figure 3.4 Overview of synaptic transmission

One neuron, signals from thousands of other neurons ________________ Patterns of neural activity Interconnected neurons that _____ together or sequentially Synaptic connections __________ and creation Synaptic ________

Specific _________________ work at specific synapses Lock and key mechanism _______ – mimics neurotransmitter action Antagonist – opposes action of a neurotransmitter More than ___ neurotransmitters known at present Interactions between neurotransmitter circuits

Table 3.1 Common Neurotransmitters and Some of their Functions

__________________ (CNS) ________ = toward the CNS ________ = away from the CNS Peripheral nervous system ___________ nervous system _________ nervous system (ANS)  Sympathetic  Parasympathetic

Figure 3.5 Organization of the human nervous system

Figure 3.6 The central and peripheral nervous systems

Figure 3.7 The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Damage studies/_________ Electrical stimulation (ESB) Brain imaging – computerized tomography __________ emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging ________________ magnetic stimulation (TMS)

________ – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum _________ – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system _________ – emotion, complex thought – thalamus, ____________, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

______ _____________ – two specialized halves connected by the ________________ _____ hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing ______ hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition

Animation 3.7 Right Brain/Left Brain Windows Mac OS X

_____ Lobes: Occipital – vision ________ - somatosensory Temporal - auditory _________ – movement, executive control systems

Figure 3.12 Structures and areas in the human brain

Figure 3.14 The cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum

Figure 3.15 The cerebral cortex in humans

Figure 3.16 Language processing in the brain

________ – chemical messengers in the bloodstream ______ glands Pituitary – “master gland,” growth hormone ______ – metabolic rate Adrenal – salt and carbohydrate metabolism ________ – sugar metabolism Gonads – sex hormones

_________ – strands of DNA carrying genetic information Human cells contain ___ chromosomes in pairs (sex-cells – 23 single) Each chromosome – thousands of genes, also in pairs ____________ traits

_______ studies – does it run in the family? _______ studies – compare resemblance of identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins on a _____ ________ studies – examine resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents

Figure 3.19 Genetic relatedness

Figure 3.20 Twin studies of intelligence and personality

Based on Darwin’s ideas of _______________ Reproductive success key __________ – behavioral as well as physical ____________ response Taste preferences Parental investment and mating