Spread Spectrum Techniques found in LPRF & GNSS Bluetooth – Dynamic Frequency Hopping – to avoid RF collisions ZigBee – Transformation of bit patterns from 4 to 32 bits using Modulo-2 Spreading Code – to provide error detection and correction GNSS – Use of modulo-2 Spreading Codes to achieve Code Division Multiple Access with a code correlator

Spread Spectrum Techniques found in LPRF & GNSS Bluetooth – Dynamic Frequency Hopping – to avoid RF collisions

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ZigBee – Transformation of bit patterns from 4 to 32 bits using Modulo-2 Spreading Code – to provide error detection and correction

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS GNSS – Use of modulo-2 Spreading Codes to achieve Code Division Multiple Access with a code correlator BINARY GNSS CODE PSEUDO RANDOM NOISE (PRN) 1023 BITS + Correlation

Infra Red Data Association IRDA UART like IR based protocol – typically BPS Other speeds 2400, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, , , , and bits per second Sub Carrier x16 – min bit is 3 clocks wide IR -Comm – simple serial comms OBEX – HTTP like Object Exchange Protocol

Infra Red Data Association IRDA Image taken from texas Instruments TIR1000, TIR1000I STANDALONE IrDA  ENCODER AND DECODER

Radio Frequency ID Passive uses electo-magnetic coupling Active has internal power source Range of frequencies kHz MHz UHF (400MHx and 860 to 960 MHz) 2.45 GHz 5.8 GHz