Preparing the Brazilian labour force Claudio de Moura Castro

Labour Markets 20 Century: Fast economic development with slow education Industrial Revolution with no training? Quality training bad education Education and training always trying to catch up Recent growth --> acute scarcities

TVET

History of System S 1942: SENAI is born: Employers own and operate Funded on 1% on payroll Budget predictability Swiss-German DNA, to train workers Methodical series In practice, independent from Labour Ministry

Those who hire workers own the system: good targeting SENAI on top of World Skills Compet. Criteria are economic not social As good as the employers' associations Other "S" more heterogeneous Train around 7 million/year, spend 4 million dollars

Trains pre-service and upgrade but not the unemployed (with their $) Very little to the informal workers (except SEBRAE) Considerable R&D projects sold to enterprises Strong esprit de corps, have to defend from the left

Apprenticeship killed by excess protection to apprentices Gender: women have more education except in Ph.Ds and blue collar occupation Regional disparities: less than in education

The invisible training sector Not in the statistics for enrollment or expenditures Does not exist legally Controlled by supply and demand More than 40 million enrollment 20 billion expenditures, 5% of GDP Plays important roles

The Ministry of Education and the technical schools Technical schools: try to do to much, unstable equilibrium Heavier work load than plain secondary (2400 h hours) 100 odd federal schools: too elitist and preparing for competitive universities

"Academic drift". Most graduates do not follow trades taught Not market driven Some do excellent R&D

Growth in private sector Growth lead by for-profit proprietary institutions Public schools too expensive --> private schools growing with two digits, not as good but adequate Total enrolment still less than 10% of secondary

The Ministry of Education and the post-secondary schools Considering small higher education enrollment took too long to grow 13% of higher education enrollment but growing fast Private sector growing faster, proprietary colleges investing

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