SCIENTIFIC EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS (EDS) Based on GAMMA RESONANCE TECHNOLOGY (GRT) SCIENTIFIC Innovations Inc. Scientific Innovations Inc. Joseph H. Brondo, Jr., CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, PhD. September 2002 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Objectives A Joint Program by Scientific Innovations, Inc. Brookhaven National Laboratory In Collaboration with Advanced Energy Systems, Inc. NSNRC Rapid deployment of resonance technology for detection and imaging of concealed explosives, chemical warfare agents, and dirty and nuclear bombs in shipping containers Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: Organization Scientific Innovations Inc. Liaison With Industry Principal Patent Holder Brookhaven National Laboratory R&D Accelerator Electronics Targets System Integration Advanced Energy Systems Inc. Engineering, Production Nuclear Research Center Soreq, Israel Resonance Detectors, Software Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT System Configuration Patents by Scientific Innovations, Inc. An accelerator is used to produce protons at a specific energy such that unique resonant gamma rays are generated from impingement on a specific target. The emitted gamma rays pass through a volume of interest and interact resonantly with specific elements of interest so that images of the elemental density are developed from the variation in gamma detection counts. Fluorescence or scattered gammas resonant with the element are also detected simultaneously. Non resonant gamma rays are used to image total density. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Explosives Name MW C H N O N (%) g/cm3 TNT 227.13 7 5 3 6 18.5 1.65 RDX 222.26 38.0 1.83 HMX 296.16 4 8 37.8 1.96 Tetryl 287.15 24.4 1.73 PETN 316.20 12 17.7 1.78 NG 227.09 9 1.59 EGDN 152.10 2 18.4 1.49 AN 80.05 - 35.0 TATP 222.23 18 1.2 DNB 168.11 16.7 1.58 Picric Acid 229.12 18.3 1.76 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Explosives Where: TNT – 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene RDX – Hexogen HMX – Octogen Tetryl – PETN – Nitropenta NG – Nitroglycerin EGDN – Ethylene glycol dinitrate AN – Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) TATP – DNB – 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Picric acid - About 80% of the explosives contain N, those that do not contain N contain Cl. New explosive without N and Cl are rich in C, O. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Other Materials Name C% H% N% O% g/cm3 Wool 37.5 4.7 21.9 5.1 1.32 Silk 39.5 5.3 28.8 26.3 1.25 Nylon 63.7 9.7 12.4 14.2 1.14 Orlon 67.9 5.7 26.4 1.16 Melamin Formaldehyde 43.6 5.5 50.9 1.48 Polyurethane 52.2 7.9 12.2 27.8 1.50 Meats - ~3 1.10 Plants ~1 1.05 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Advantages In a two dimensional plot simultaneous registration of the total density and the nitrogen density separates the explosives from other common materials. This two dimensional Matrix Provides for fully automatic identification of explosives Addition of other elements will provide for a multi- dimensional matrix Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Requirements An ideal EDS system will 1) Detect directly presence of an explosive. 2) Identify the type of explosive. 3) Localize the explosive. 4) Minimize false positives. 5) Operate reliably in the field. 6) Provide high throughput. 7) Would not induce residual activity. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Key Advantages *High Detection Probability (>90%) * Low False Alarm Rate (<5%) *Based on simulations to satisfy FAA requirements of sensitivity and throughput. * High Throughput (400 bags/hr/station, 24 LD-3/hr/station) Specific Sensitivity to Explosives (N, Cl, O) No Induced Radioactivity Multi-port feed-through capability Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) based on Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT) BNL: Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D. SII: Joseph Brondo, CEO Collaborators AES: Joseph Sredniawski, VP NSNRC: David Vartsky Ph.D. September, 2002 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: Current Location The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945 9 4 54 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Accomplishments 1 Operational High Intensity Resonance Source at Northrop Grumman Prior to Transfer to BNL 2 Partial Installation of the Resonance Source at BNL Site For R&D and Testing of Resonance Technology. 3 Specialized Resonance Detectors for Nitrogen, Used in Proof-of-Principle Demonstration, Were Developed. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: Current Technologies SII PATENTS BULK ANALYSIS Trace Analysis X-Ray Standard Transmission Computed Tomography Backscatter Dual Energy Diffraction Neutrons Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis Neutron Backscatter Associated Alpha Particle Time of Flight Thermal Neutron Analysis Pulsed Fast Thermal Neutron Analysis Electromagnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR/ESR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance NQR Other Nuclear Gamma Backscatter Gamma Transmission Gamma Resonance Technology Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Basic Principles Gamma Resonance occurs when the energy of a gamma beam is precisely tuned to coincide with a nuclear excitation level in a nucleus of an element of interest. GRT can be implemented in either absorption (transmission) or scattering mode. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Transmission Detectors EDS-GRT: Basic Configurations Accelerator Target Transmission Detectors Object Transmitted Beam Protons A low energy proton beam hits a dedicated target and produces resonance gamma rays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive. Monitoring the transmitted and the scattered beams, with the transmission and scattering detectors, respectively, allows analysis and imaging of the elements of interest. Scattering Detectors Scattered Beam Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Transmission Setup measures simultaneously the resonantt and non resonant gamma ray flux and can differentiate between the two. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance attenuation is about four times higher than the non resonant radiation. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: In a Transmission Mode Configuration of the gamma resonance absorptiometry Resonant Gamma Fan Proton Beam Accelerator Beam Production Target Inspected Object Detector Array Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Resonance Principle Gamma resonance scanning beam from accelerator based system Object Resonant Gamma Fan Proton Beam Beam Production Target Detector Array Accelerator SII Patents Patent 5,040,200 Patent 5,293,414 Patent 6,215,851 Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Unilateral System Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Accomplishments DC Tandem Accelerator Design Specifications Energy tunable up to ~ 1.9 MeV  Beam current, ~2 mA, up to ~ 10 mA Total Emittance ~0.1 pi mm mrad  Beam spread < 25 keV  Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

experimental set-up at Los Alamos inspecting LD-3 air cargo container EDS-GRT Accomplishments Two Projection images through an aircraft container loaded with mixed cargo containing six explosives. The nitrogen image clearly identifies the explosives. Nahal Soreq group experimental set-up at Los Alamos inspecting LD-3 air cargo container Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle Proof-of-Principle Demonstrated by Soreq Group Using Resonance Detectors: Test Set Up Using Explosive Simulants (nitrogenous material) And Other Objects Total Density Image Nitrogen Density Image Highlights Explosive Simulants And Makes Lead Brick Transparent Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle Tissue N ~ 2.7% Explosive N ~ 19% - 30%. Gammagram Nitrogram Nahal Soreq Group Experiment at McMaster University Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT-Targets Single Element Targets Multi-element (layered) Targets Multi-element (segmented) Targets Element Detected Target Ep (MeV) σabs (barns) Eγ (MeV) Reaction 14N 13C 1.75 2.6 9.17 13C(p,γ)14N 40Ca 39K 2.04 5.0 10.32 39K(p,γ)40Ca 35Cl 34S 1.89 1.0 8.21 34S(p,γ)35Cl 16O 19F 2.4 6.92 19F(p,α,γ)16O 12C 15N 1.1 4.43 15N(p,α,γ)12C Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Targets Layered Targets CS2 – Enriched in 13C and 34S for detection of N and Cl. BN (Boron Nitrate enriched with 13C) 13C; 11B; 15N; with Ep @ 1.75; 1.1; 0.6; MeV respectively, we can measure N; C; and O, simultaneously. Composite Targets At Ep 1.94 MeV, 26Mg & 30Si to detect 14N, 16O, and 35Cl 27Al @ θ~40o 7.117 MeV 16O 26Mg & 30Si (p,γ) @ θ~117o 9.082 MeV 35Cl 31P @ θ~86o 9.173 MeV 14N Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Accelerators The Basic Requirements Are: Variable Energy In The Range 0.5 - 3MeV High Intensity > 3 mA. Accelerator Types: DC Tandem Accelerators Electrostatic (6MeV, 60mA) Linear RFQ New Types Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Accelerators 800 Beam Accelerator Tube Positive Ion Source 2MV Power Supply High-Voltage Cable 2000 2500 1200 ECR Ion Source 30 mA p, 1kW HVC can be 100’ or more from accelerator 2MeV 50mA, 2.5MeV 40mA, 3MeV 30mA Multiple accelerators with single Power Supply Dimensions in mm Power requirements 3Phase, 440 V , 80 KVA Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Detectors Type: Resonance LS +N Non-resonance HPGe, NaI BGO, LSO, BaF Position sensitive High Z sandwich Optimization: Geometry Number Configuration Electronics Size Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Detectors Pyrex Vessel 20x20x240 mm 2” PM Tube RT 1.3 ns Light Guide NRLS Beam t nsec 50 100 PH p e Particle Identification Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Detectors NE – 213 Organic Solvent + Primary Solute + Wavelength Shifter (~90%) (~10%) (~0.5%) p-xylene naphtalene PPO+POPOP emiss. ~280nm emiss. ~330nm emiss. ~425 nm Properties Density (ρ) 0.9 g/cc N Content 30% bw Detector size 5x5x22 cm3 Resonance Attenuation ((γ,p) σR) 0.052 cm2/g (exp) Non-Resonance Attenuation (σNR) 0.022 cm2/g Macroscopic ΣR = σR%ρ (0.052x0.3x0.9) 0.0140 cm-1 Macroscopic ΣNR =σNR ρ(0.022x0.9) 0.0198 cm-1 ΣT 0.0338 cm-1 εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24% Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Detectors εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24% For very long detector εR = 41% For 100% N detector εR = 70% Photopeak εBGO = 56% For small differential changes in the attenuation contrast is more critical than efficiency. Resonant fraction in an incident gamma flux is about 25%. Experimentally contrast in a BGO was diluted by a factor of 3. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Resonance Detectors Two dimensional pulse distribution from a resonance detector clearly separates proton pulses from electron pulses. Thus distinguishing resonance gamma radiation from non-resonant. Proton pulses at 1.5 MeV are produced in the detector by the inverse (γ,p) reaction of the resonance radiation with the N in the detector. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Building & Monument Security Stadiums & Olympic Events EDS-GRT Applications Border Control Airline Security Bridges/Tunnels Building & Monument Security Power Plant Security Force Protection Shipping Ports Postal Security Stadiums & Olympic Events RT-EDIS Embassies Railroad Security Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Potential Users Homeland Security Force Protection (DoD) • Military Bases • Counter-terrorism • Explosives Detection in Vehicles Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD) • Crack & Void Detection • Mixture Quality • 24% Rejection / Shelf Life Medical Research • Neutron Capture Therapy • Whole Body Composition Environmental Cleanup (DoD) ) • Unexploded Ordnance Detection • Mine Field Clearance US Customs • Border Control • Seaports • Explosives / Drug Detection in Large Containers Resonance Technology Department of Transportation (DoT) • TSA / FAA • Explosives Detection in Cargo • Checked baggage inspection • Scanning trucks/vehicles/railroad cars Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT LD-3 Container Inspection Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Airport Luggage A configuration of a system in an airport feeding simultaneously two inspection stations for bags. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Future Plans To Construct Deployable Inspection Systems Capable To Interrogate Small (postage parcel) And Large (ship containers) Bulk Materials, Using High Resolution Medium Intensity And Low Resolution High Intensity Accelerators, Respectively. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT High Throughput Configuration A single accelerator module can drive multiple detection modules simultaneously to give high throughputs. This requires a special gamma production target (Patent 6,215,430 and Patent 5,784,430) Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Large Cargo Screening Stacked Containers Detectors Resonance Gamma Beam 36’ 8’ 18’ Target 21’ Using four ramps may interrogate simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from experiments) Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Time Shared Configuration Single accelerator serves multiple detection stations Each detection station can process 1600 bags/hr, 24 LD-3 containers/hr, 4 conveyors simultaneously High speed mail hubs, checked luggage, containers Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Processing Rates Each target can process about 4x400 bags/hr, 24 LD-3 containers/hr 4 conveyors simultaneously Interrogate 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from current measurements.) Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT Truck Inspection Force Protection, Borders, Power Plants, Bridges and Tunnels Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Advantages High Detection Probability (>90%) Low False Alarm Rate (<5%) High Throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr, ~3min/truck)/station Specific Explosive Signature (Chemical elements) Fully Automated Decision Making Single Source Can Feed Multiple Inspection Stations (in parallel or in time share modes) Suitable for Inspection of Postal Parcels Up To Large Vehicles or Shipping Containers No Residual Activity Elemental 3-D Imaging Capability Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT False Alarm versus scan time Data Based Upon 10 mA of Proton Current and 90% Detection Probability Thin Sheet High Explosive 100 cm (suitcase) 145 cm (small carousel) 252 cm dia container (LD-3) Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Public safety Accelerator produces low energy x-rays. Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons. Shielded highly collimated beam. Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem. Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower. Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude lower than for VACIS or CT systems. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT Path Forward 1. Complete BNL Development and Test Facility (1y) Complete Facility Target Development Detectors Development System Integration and Testing 2. Setup a Low Rate Production Facility (1-2y) Set Up Low Rate Production Facility Production Engineering Design Production of a Small and Large Cargo Inspection Systems Field evaluation 3. Establish a High Rate Production Facility (2-3y) Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: R&D Scientific Innovations Target BNL Project Manager Scientific Innovations Detectors Resonance Detectors Nahal Soreq Position Sensitive Detectors TRIUMF New Detectors Cl, Ca, LSO Accelerator AES Software BNL/Nahal Soreq System Integration BNL SII SII – Scientific Innovations Inc. AES – Advanced Energy Systems Inc. Nahal Soreq – Nuclear Research Center Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: Time Schedule Test facility can be ready within a year. 3 9 12 Month 6 LC System Integration Documentation TA Infrastructure System Engineering Detectors Targets Tandem Accelerator (TA) Testing & Evaluation Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA Both technologies provide sensitivity and specificity to the elemental composition of the cargo This is the future way of interogation GRT is considerable reduced in size. Does not require a separate building, nor extensive shielding ( requires soft X-ray shielding) GRT does not activate the cargo nor the building. GRT does not require building decontamination GRT price is about one third of that announced for PFNA GRT data analysis for image reconstruction is similar to that used for CT image processing with superior spatial resolution GRT can feed distributed systems simultaneously and is independent of the cargo content Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA GRT has superior penetrability (hydrogenous and densely packed materials with no gray zone) GRT images in both absorption mode (similar to CT providing true total density and beyond CT providing true elemental density) and fluorescence mode for single sided or detection at a distance (standoff detection) GRT can image and detect thin sheet explosives GRT can provide simultaneous detection of multiple elements GRT provides capability for high throughput with low false alarms GRT can provide identification of explosive type with elemental discrimination GRT can provide fully automatic threat detection without operator interpretation of image or data Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory SUMMARY There is a need for new technology to meet future needs of national security. Proof-of-principle of GRT for explosive detection and imaging has been demonstrated. Gamma Resonance Technology is a viable method for detection of explosives and other elements in small and large shipping containers. Life cycle of a unit is 10 to 15 years. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory SUMMARY 4. The proposed EDS-GRT fills deficiencies of current x-ray scanners and other systems in use. 5. Extensive expertise at BNL in nuclear physics, particle accelerators, γ ray detectors and systems integration provide high probability for success. 6. A test facility ready for systems testing and prototype certification can be delivered within a year. 7. A field deployable system can be developed within two years. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory Next Generation EDS Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory