Nanocellulose - Technology & Business Trends John Cowie PhD January 14, 2015 nanoC nanoC.technology

Nanocellulose - What is it? From wood ~ 4 nm diameter, ~ 150 nm long Aspect ratio (l/d) about 35 Ratio can be as high as 1000 Theoretically 100% crystalline As low as 70% nanoC.technology

Three Main Types 1. Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) Manufactured through mechanical and chem/bio- mechanical means 2. Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNC) Manufactured by acid hydrolysis of pulp 3. Cellulose Filaments (CF) Manufactured by mechanically peeling the cellulose strands nanoC.technology

Potential Uses Improved paper and packaging products Reinforced polymers Advanced composite materials Hydro-fracking and oil drilling fluids High-strength spun fibers and textiles Films for barrier and other functions Coatings, paints, lacquers and adhesives Switchable optical devices Pharmaceutical and drug delivery Bone replacement and teeth repair Improved building products Additives for foods, cosmetics Aerospace and transportation nanoC.technology

Production Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) - Mechanical and chem/bio-mechanical means nanoC.technology

Production Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNC) 1. Milling 2. Acid Hydrolysis 3. Clarification 4. Acid removal 5. Concentration 6. Drying nanoC.technology

Production Cellulose Filaments (CF) Manufactured by mechanically peeling the cellulose strands Length: 10,000 - 50,000 nm Diameter: 20 - 100 nm Adpect ratio (L/D): 100 - 2500 nanoC.technology

Comparison of Select Properties Material Density (g/cm3) Tensile Strength (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) Elongation to Fracture (%) Cellulose Nanocrystals CNC 1.5 10,000 150 6.7 Carbon Nanotube CNT 1.2 30,000 1054 6 Carbon 1.7 4,000 235 1.6 Kevlar 1.4 2,800 183 4 316 Stainless Steel 8.0 580 290 50 Bullet Point Sub Bullet nanoC.technology

Comparative Toxicity Lethal Concentration LC50 test Species used for toxicity testing: Daphnia magna Cerio-daphnia dubia Acute lethal toxicity (mg/L) Very toxic <0.1 Toxic 0.1-1.0 Moderately toxic 1-10 Slightly toxic 10 -100 Practically nontoxic >100 nanoC.technology

CMC (Carbo methyl cellulose) MCC (microcrystallince cellulose) Comparative Toxicity Material Toxicity, 48 hour LC50*, mg/L Relative Toxicity Daphnia Ceriodaphnia CNC (60 – 100 nm) > 1,000 (3,200) Nontoxic CMC (Carbo methyl cellulose) > 10,000 MCC (microcrystallince cellulose) > 1,000 TiO2 (30 nm) 5.5 - Moderately toxic TiO2 (100 – 500 nm) > 500 Fullerine (10 – 20 nm) 0.5 Toxic Fullerine (20 -100 nm) 7.9 NaCl ~ 5,500 ~ 1,200 * LC50 Toxicity – the concentration of a substance that is lethal to 50% of the organisms exposed to it. nanoC.technology

Cost Comparison Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) Without depreciation of equipment : ~ $3.40 to 5.00/kg With Depreciation: ~ $17.00/kg Cellulose Nano Crystals (CNC) Without depreciation of equipment : ~ $3.20 to 5.00/kg With Depreciation: ~ $16.00/kg Cellulose Filaments (CF) Not determined nanoC.technology

Material of the Future Nanomaterials Cost versus Performance Cost Wood flour $0.05 - $0.10/lb Cellulose Nano Crystals Organoclays ~ $4.00/lb Carbon Nanotubes Up to $200,000/lb nanoC.technology

Potential Market Size Bullet Point Sub Bullet nanoC.technology

Nanocellulose - The Producers Bullet Point Sub Bullet nanoC.technology

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI CNC Pilot Plant – Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI FPL opened a new U.S/ Forest Service-funded $1.7 million nanocellulose pilot plant in 2012 Producing about 30 kg of cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) per week Producing 5 kg of cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF) per week nanoC.technology

Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) Pilot Plant – University of Maine Cellulose Nanofiber Production and Functionalization Laboratory Funded by a $1.5 million grant from the U.S. Forest Service The only one of its kind in the nation University Consortium: University of Maine Georgia Institute of Technology North Carolina State University Oregon State University Pennsylvania State University Purdue University University of Tennessee nanoC.technology

Borregaard - Norway Borregaard ChemCell offer speciality cellulose for the production of Exilva ® or microcrystalline cellulose 2016: new production Plant with capacity of 1000 tonnes per year with a potential for expansion Food additives (SenseFi ®) nanoC.technology

Innventia - Stockholm Sweden World's First Pilot Plant for Production of Nanocellulose Inaugurated in 2011 Produce nanocellulose on a large scale Important step towards commercial applications nanoC.technology

CelluForce – Windsor, Quebec, Canada Partnership between FPInnovations and Domtar One ton per day CNC production $33.4 million of government funding Production commenced in 2012 nanoC.technology

UPM Biofibrils (CNFs) Helsinki, Finland UPM has developed a product family of fibrillated cellulose materials for various industrial applications Industrial viscosity modifiers of water-based systems: Paints, coatings, oil drilling fluids, concrete and grouts Reinforcement additive in composites: Paper and packaging products Synthetic or bio-based Looking for partnerships and customers, especially in the composite field Industrial scale samples available nanoC.technology

Cellulose Nanomaterials in Japan NCF (Nanocellulose Forum) A Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Consortium nanoC.technology

Performance Biofilaments Performance BioFilaments is a joint venture between Mercer International and Resolute Forest Products Five ton/day cellulose filament demonstration plant started-up in Quebec in 2014 nanoC.technology

American Process Inc. American Process and Futuris Automotive are developing ultra-strong, lightweight automotive structural components reinforced with nanocellulose Substitute for expensive light-weight carbon fiber composites Futuris Automotive currently produces the interior components for Tesla nanoC.technology

john.cowie@nanoC.technology John G Cowie PhD Principal Consultant +1 202.758.8481 john.cowie@nanoC.technology nanoC.technology