PART I Chapter 18 Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Chapter 18. 1 Learning Targets: Prokaryotes are diverse organisms that live in nearly all environments. Differentiate among archaea and bacteria and their subcategories. Describe survival mechanisms of bacteria at both the individual and population levels. Describe ways that bacteria are beneficial to humans.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W25nI9kpxtU 7:16 min Archaea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W25nI9kpxtU 7:16 min

Phylogeny

Characteristics First living evidence on earth Unicellular Prokaryotes (No membrane-bound organelles) Cell wall with internal plasma membrane Found everywhere

Bacteria

Bacteria Structures Cell wall – provides support and protection to the cell Plasma membrane – flexible, selectively permeable boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane Ribosome – organelle that helps to manufacture proteins DNA - stores and communicates genetic information for the cell

Bacteria Structures Pilus/pili - hairlike protrusion to stick to surfaces a bridge for sexual reproduction Flagellum - long, whiplike protrusion, for moving Capsule - sticky layers around cell wall Toxin - a powerful poison Endospore – found in some bacteria - resists harsh environments

Flagella

Capsules

Endospores Survival of Bacteria

Endospores

Classification: Three Basic Shapes Cocci -Spheres Bacilli -Rods Spirilli -Spiral

Classification: Gram stain – Cell wall type Thick – Purple Stain = “Gram Positive” Thin - Pink Stain = “Gram Negative”

Growth Patterns Diplo- pairs Staphylo- clusters Strepto- chains

Pneumonia

Streptococci

Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria Methanogens Live in: Oxygen-free environment Produce methane gas Halophiles Salt water Acidophiles: Hot, acidic water

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-z9-9OOWC4 11:04 min. Bacteria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-z9-9OOWC4 11:04 min.

Eubacteria - “True” bacteria Live in more habitable environments Heterotrophs Photosynthetic Autotrophs Chemosynthetic Saprophytes (decomposers) Need sunlight to make food Need sulfur & nitrogen to make food Parasites (cause disease) Example: Cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation (FIX the nitrogen)

Cyanobacteria - “blue-green bacteria” Algae + Bacteria

Beneficial Bacteria Nitrogen fixation Nodules Converts nitrogen into ammonia a form that plants can use Nodules A symbiotic relationship between bacteria and plants

(Beneficial Bacteria) Saprophytes (decomposers) Breaks down dead organisms and decaying matter Returns nutrients to soil

(Beneficial Bacteria) Make food: Cheese Pickles Yogurt Vinegar Sauerkraut

Cellular Respiration Obligate Aerobes Obligate Anaerobes Need Oxygen Die from Oxygen

Pathogenic Bacteria – disease-causing bacteria Pathogen – an organism that causes disease Produce toxins Damage host’s tissues Enter through openings in body (via air, food, water)

Antibiotics: ~ Destroys cell wall of bacteria ~ Creates holes in the cell walls Sir Alexander Fleming 1928 - discovered Penicillium notatum

Air-Born

Air-Born Bacteria

Sulfur Bacteria

Reproduction Asexual Sexual Binary Fission Rapid - 20 min. Cell division Rapid - 20 min. Sexual Conjugation – exchange genetic material Pili/pilus - bridge

Binary Fission: Asexual Reproduction

Conjugation - Sexual Reproduction

PART II Chapter 18 Ecology

10 Leading Causes of Death in South Dakota (1991 – 2011) Heart Disease 2,324 Cancer 1,524 Stroke 466 Chronic Lower Respiratory 324 Influenza/Pneumonia 310 Accidents 305 Diabetes 137 Suicide 99 Aortic Aneurysm 74 Kidney Disease 69 All other 1,004

South Dakota 2011 Deaths. 7,271 total Cancer 1,656 Heart Disease 1,615 Chronic Lower Respiratory 485 Stroke 442 Alzheimer’s 423 Accidents 407 Diabetes 267 Influenza/Pneumonia 178 Suicide 125 Dementia 117 All other 1,556

Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists - CrashCourse Biology #35 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA