POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

WHERE DO WE LIVE? Present population of the earth Present population of the earth How rapidly are we growing? How rapidly are we growing? Where do people not live? The Nonecumene Where do people not live? The Nonecumene Where do people live? The Ecumene Where do people live? The Ecumene Most populous countries in the world? Most populous countries in the world?

WORLD POPULATION DENSITIES

TEN MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES

IS EXPANDING POPULATION A PROBLEM….OR AN OPPORTUNITY?

RATES OF INCREASE Arithmetic v. Geometric progressions Arithmetic v. Geometric progressions

RATES OF INCREASE cont’d. Birth rates, death rates, fertility rates Birth rates, death rates, fertility rates Natural increase = Natural increase = Birth rates less than 20/1000 considered low Birth rates less than 20/1000 considered low Birth rates 30/100 or higher considered high Birth rates 30/100 or higher considered high

BIRTH vs. DEATH RATES

POPULATION GROWTH = NATURAL INCREASE + NET IMMIGRATION

CURRENT RANGE OF BIRTH RATES 10/1000 (Europe) 10/1000 (Europe) 53/1000 (Malawi, southern Africa) 53/1000 (Malawi, southern Africa)

FERTILITY RATES Historical examples Historical examples Present high fertility rates Present high fertility rates

FERTILITY RATES Cont’d.

FACTORS IN FALLING FERTILITY RATES Security in old age Security in old age Lack of education for women Lack of education for women Low incomes and mobility Low incomes and mobility Need for help on farm or in city Need for help on farm or in city

DOUBLING TIME Time that a population takes to double in numbers. Time that a population takes to double in numbers. Population growth rate divided by 69 Population growth rate divided by 69

EFFECTS OF HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATES High population growth consumes investment capital which would otherwise promote economic expansion High population growth consumes investment capital which would otherwise promote economic expansion Ex. “Four Tigers,” China, Thailand and Malaysia vs. Indonesia Ex. “Four Tigers,” China, Thailand and Malaysia vs. Indonesia

HIGH RATES OF INCREASE Carrying capacity Carrying capacity The Green Revolution The Green Revolution Danger in monoculture Danger in monoculture Malthus Malthus Doubling time Doubling time

CARRYING CAPACITY

DANGERS OF MONOCULTURE

PROBLEMS OF POPULATION INCREASE AND DECREASE – POPULATION PYRAMIDS

MORE PYRAMIDS – STABLE vs. RAPIDLY GROWING POPULATION

DEPENDENCY RATIO NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS (VERY OLD AND VERY YOUNG) THAT EACH 100 PEOPLE IN THEIR PRODUCTIVE YEARS (15-64) MUST SUPPORT NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS (VERY OLD AND VERY YOUNG) THAT EACH 100 PEOPLE IN THEIR PRODUCTIVE YEARS (15-64) MUST SUPPORT

PROJECTIONS J-Curve J-Curve Demographic Transition Model Demographic Transition Model Effects of Government Policies Effects of Government Policies

DEMOGRAPHIC MOMENTUM

WORLD POPULATION FORECAST

GROWING URBAN AREAS

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

NEW RESEARCH – GOVERNMENT POLICIES CAN HAVE EFFECT ALSO

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

MIGRATION Immigration vs. emigration Immigration vs. emigration

REASONS FOR MIGRATION Cont’d. Push vs. pull migrations Push vs. pull migrations Serial or chain migration Serial or chain migration “Birds of passage” “Birds of passage” Historic examples Historic examples

PUSH MIGRATION World refugee concentrations World refugee concentrations