African American Leaders During the Postwar Era

2 After returning back from World War I African Americans returned back to a segregated society. Racial prejudice was widespread through the United States. Marcus Garvey became a popular black leader. He started a black nationalist movement. Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey (far right) in parade Marcus Garvey

Garvey was a Jamaican living in New York who stressed the need for African unity. This was called Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism. Many of the new African leaders had been educated abroad. W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey influenced Africans who studied in the United States. DuBois was an African American and led a movement to make all Africans aware of their cultural heritage.

W.E.B. DuBois

Marcus Garvey

6 In the 1920’s, large numbers of African American musicians, artists, and writers settled in Harlem. This period of time became known as the Harlem Renaissance. During the Harlem Renaissance young black artists celebrated their African and American heritage.Harlem Renaissance Duke Ellington and his orchestra W.E.B. Du Bois was a famous writer of the Harlem Renaissance

7 Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was the best known poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes

CHAPTER 19 Section 1:The Postwar Era Section 2:Postwar Prosperity Crumbles Section 3:Political Tensions After World War I Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism

Section 4 I. The Rise of Dictators A.Between 1919 and 1939, all the major counties of Europe except France and Great Britain had adopted some form of dictatorial government.

B.Totalitarian governments aimed to control all aspects of their citizens’ lives. Totalitarian governments wanted to control the hearts and minds of everyone and used mass propaganda to achieve their goals.

C.Totalitarian states considered individuals to be subservient to the collective will of the masses, which was controlled by the state.

II. Fascism in Italy A.Benito Mussolini in Italy established the first European Fascist government in the early 1920s. The Fascists conducted a violent campaign against their opponents – using a gang of thugs called the Black Shirts.

SECTION 4 Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany Benito Mussolini

SECTION 4 Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? ► Nationalism: the belief that one's nation is of primary importance ► Authoritarianism: non-elected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom ► Militarism

SECTION 4 Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? (cont.) ► Single party state: no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election ► Dictatorship: control by one person or a small group of people ► Social Darwinism: strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die.

B.As Prime Minister, Mussolini gained the power to pass laws without approval. He established a secret police to control the people. The Fascists created youth groups that focused on military activities. They wanted to create a nation of war-loving people.