Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century Section 1: Science and Urban Life Section 2: Expanding Public Education Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture

Science and Urban Life  Skyscraper – America’s greatest contribution to architecture (Symbol of a Rich and Optimistic Society) Invention of Elevators Development of Internal Steel Skeletons  Architects – Louis Sullivan – 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Daniel Burnham – Flatiron Building in New York City (285 feet) see pg. 277  Solved Problem of Limited and Expensive Space in Cities

Wainwright Building in St. Louis by Louis Sullivan

Science and Urban Life  Electric Transit - Innovations in transportation allows for cities to expand outward. Electric Streetcars (1 st in Richmond, VA, in 1888) New Railroad Lines  Elevated Trains or “El Trains”  Subway Trains Electric streetcars, Elevated Trains, and Subways enabled cities to annex suburban developments

Electric Street Car

Elevated Trains and Subways  The Interborough Rapid Transit Subway, or IRT, was the first subway company in New York City. Even with elevated train lines springing up around the city, the need for an underground rapid transit railroad was obvious as a solution to street congestion and to assist development in outlying areas. On October 27, 1904, the first IRT subway line opened, and the city would never be the same. City Hall station, pictured to the left, was the showpiece of the new subway. Photo by Peter Dougherty. (Picture to left)

Science and Urban Life  Steel-Cable Suspension Bridges- Brooklyn Bridge – Connects Brooklyn to Manhattan Island in New York City  Architect – John Augustus Roebling (German Immigrant) died before completion  Recreational Opportunities - elevated promenade to allow for leisure walking  Took 14 years to complete / difficult conditions  Carried 37,000 commuters daily  4 years later, trains ran 24 hours a day and carried more than 30 million a year  See page 276 for “One American’s Story”

Brooklyn Bridge

Science and Urban Life  Urban Planning - Urban planners looked for ways to restore a measure of serenity to the urban environment by designing parks and recreation.  Frederick Law Olmsted- spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks Central Park Washington D.C. and St. Louis Landscaping Fenway Park in Boston  Daniel Burnham Chicago (overall plan for the city) see pg. 278

Central Park & Fredrick Law Olmstead

Daniel Burnham and the Chicago Plan Masonic Temple Building in Chicago

New Technologies transform Communications  Revolution in Printing Literacy Rate in U.S. close to 90% by 1890 because of better public education. Technological Advances increase reading material  Wood pulp used for less expensive paper  Better Printing Press Invented

New Technologies transform Communications  Web-Perfecting Press – invented by William Bullock Electric, printed on both sides of a continuous roll of paper, cut, folded, and counted the pages  Linotype Machine – invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler Streamlined typesetting process  Allowed for more affordable printed materials and made them more available to the masses

William Bullock / Web Perfecting Press

Rotary Web-Perfecting Press 1863  The beginnings of the modern, web-fed newspaper press This patent model rotary perfecting press was made by Philadelphia's William Bullock in Two years later, he constructed his first model for his local paper, the Philadelphia Inquirer. Bullock's invention represents the beginning of the modern, web-fed newspaper press, which works from curved, stereotype plates and prints on both sides of the paper in one pass through the machine. It achieved the speed of rotary printing, and by feeding from a continuous roll of paper, it eliminated the laborious hand-feeding required by presses like Hoe's rotary press. Bullock's press was capable of delivering, per hour, about 10,000 flat sheets printed on both sides. Unfortunately, William Bullock did not enjoy the profits from his innovative invention. In 1867, he died as a result of injuries sustained when he got caught in the gears of his press.

Mergenthaler & Linotype Machine

New Technologies transform Communications  Invention of Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright Kitty Hawk, NC 1 st flight, 120 feet, 12 seconds Very little public attention – few photographers or newsmen present First real use of the airplane was by the government to transport mail across the country, excluding use for warfare.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Wright Brothers Plane First flight of the Wright Flyer I, 17 December 1903, Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip. Photo by John T. Daniels of the Kill Devil Hills Life Saving Station, using Orville's tripod-mounted cameraWright Flyer17 December1903

Photography for Everyone  George Eastman invented paper based film that could be processed later  Introduced Kodak Camera in 1888  Camera helped created Photojournalism  1 st camera for the masses $25 for camera plus 100-picture roll of film Send camera to company for development of film for $10 and company sends camera and pictures back and reload the camera “YOU PRESS THE BUTTON, WE DO THE REST”

Handheld Kodak 1904 ($5.00) to Left 1 st Kodak Below Left, Early Advertisement Below