Election of 1848 President Polk sought no second termPresident Polk sought no second term Democrats chose Lewis CassDemocrats chose Lewis Cass –Veteran of War of 1812 –“popular sovereignty” Whigs chose Zachary TaylorWhigs chose Zachary Taylor –Hero of Buena Vista in Mexican War –Dodged slavery issue Free Soil Party -- against slaveryFree Soil Party -- against slavery –Attracted industrialists opposed to the tariff –Selected Martin Van Buren

Taylor wins the electionTaylor wins the election

California Gold Discovery of gold in California in 1848Discovery of gold in California in 1848 Thousands poured into CAThousands poured into CA –Outburst of crime –Needed state govt to protect citizens CA drafted constitution and excluded slaveryCA drafted constitution and excluded slavery –Applied to Congress for admission as a state

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850  California statehood – would upset balance  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws  Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) (federal law is superior to state law)  California statehood – would upset balance  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws  Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) (federal law is superior to state law)

Compromise of 1850 Clay, Calhoun, and Webster assembled in CongressClay, Calhoun, and Webster assembled in Congress –Webster’s speech helped push the North to compromise President Taylor and William Seward were against compromisePresident Taylor and William Seward were against compromise –Taylor dies and Fillmore signs the compromise Southern “fire eaters” oppose concessionsSouthern “fire eaters” oppose concessions –Talk of secession, but it passes Second Era of Good Feelings dawnedSecond Era of Good Feelings dawned

Compromise of 1850 South gets its fugitive slave law and $10 million

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil Effective end of Whig Party

1852 Election Results

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Proposed that Territory of Nebraska would be split into two – Kansas and NebraskaProposed that Territory of Nebraska would be split into two – Kansas and Nebraska –Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty Contradicted Missouri Comp and Comp of 1850Contradicted Missouri Comp and Comp of 1850 –Anti-Slavery North was angered –South angered at the free-soilers attempt to control Kansas Greased the slope towards Civil WarGreased the slope towards Civil War

Bleeding Kansas Northern abolitionists funded newcomers in KansasNorthern abolitionists funded newcomers in Kansas –South responded by sending in armed slave owners (Pro-slavery) Border Ruffians came from Missouri to vote = fraud(Pro-slavery) Border Ruffians came from Missouri to vote = fraud –Free soilers set up their own illegal government Gang of pro-slavery raiders burned LawrenceGang of pro-slavery raiders burned Lawrence Lecompton Constitution – 1857 – vote for constitution with or without slavery – will still be slavery!Lecompton Constitution – 1857 – vote for constitution with or without slavery – will still be slavery! –Douglas opposed and called for revote –Free Soilers win – Kansas remains territory

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) Leading abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) Leading abolitionist Congressman Preston Brooks (D-SC)

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig/ Know-Nothing

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Scott sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil Supreme Court ruled against him –Denying blacks their citizenship & right to trial Suggested that slavery must be allowed everywhere (property rights) Abolitionists were infuriated

What caused the Panic of 1857?? What were its affects on the nation?

Panic of 1857 CAUSES: Inpouring of CA gold inflated the currencyInpouring of CA gold inflated the currency Frenzied speculationFrenzied speculation Tariff of 1857 – reduced dutiesTariff of 1857 – reduced dutiesEFFECTS: UnemploymentUnemployment Business failuresBusiness failures Worse in North than in South (cotton prices still high)Worse in North than in South (cotton prices still high)

1860 Pres. Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the Northern Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the Northern Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Secession? Designed to appease the South Federal protection for slavery south of Lincoln rejects the compromise

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860