1 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved DX University Sponsored by the Utah DX Association

2 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Station Equipment Considerations

3 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Choosing a Transceiver for DX High close-in dynamic range (copy S1 in crowded band) Low noise floor (copy very weak signals) Low phase noise (low noise on the Local Oscillator) Low in-band spurious on both receive and transmit Low IMD on SSB transmit, and low key clicks on CW transmit Effective SSB speech processor (more talk power) Good receive and transmit audio quality (intelligibility) Smooth AGC for low fatigue (noise doesn’t fill in spaces) AGC that doesn’t exaggerate impulse noise (hangs up AGC) Good ergonomics of controls and menus (easy adjustments) Good display that also shows important settings

4 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Dynamic Range The range in dB of very strong signals to very weak signals that the receiver can handle At The Same Time What is Close-in Dynamic Range vs. Wide-Spaced Dynamic Range? Why is Close-in Dynamic so important for CW ops? Why is it less important for SSB operators?

5 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Dynamic Range Wide & Close Dynamic Range

6 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Dynamic Range If you know the close-in dynamic range of a radio, at what signal level will IMD start to be a problem? S Meter standard is S9 = 50 μV, which is –73 dBm Assume a typical radio: 500 Hz CW filter Noise Floor of -128 dBm Preamp OFF Dynamic Range Signal Level Causing IMD = Noise Floor 55 dB S9 FT dB S9 + 5 dB FT-101E 65 dB S dB KWM dB S dBTS dB S dB 756 Pro II / III 80 dB S dB Omni-VII 85 dB S dB R dB S dB Orion I (93 dB) 95 dB S dB Orion II & Flex 5000A 100 dB S dBK3, FTdx5000

7 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Dynamic Range The dynamic range of a radio is the same with an attenuator ON or OFF. If on a noisy band, attenuate the noise and all signals to make better use of the dynamic range, and reduce the chance of overload. If band noise goes from S6 to S2 by turning on the attenuator, you have lost nothing, yet your radio is being stressed much less.

8 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA IP3 (3rd Order Intercept) It is a theoretical number. It has more meaning for a block amplifier or mixer. Almost meaningless if the AGC of a receiver is involved October 2007 QST Product Review FT-2000D DR3 Spacing Level IP3 98 dB 20 kHz Noise Floor +25 dBm 69 dB 2 kHz Noise Floor -19 dBm 29 dB 2 kHz 0 dBm = S9+73 dB +15 dBm

9 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Blocking & Phase Noise Blocking is the onset of gain compression. This can be an issue with another ham within “line-of-site”. It is an issue on Field Day and multi-multi contest stations. Low phase noise is desirable, but a very good low phase noise receiver has to contend with transmitted phase noise. Dealing with transmitted phase noise is like dealing with transmitted IMD products and splatter. We cannot do much about it.

10 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Noise Floor? Sensitivity is a familiar number, normally applies to SSB. Sensitivity = 10 dB Signal + Noise / Noise (10 dB S+N/N) Noise Floor = 3 dB Signal + Noise / Noise (3 dB S+N/N) Noise floor can be measured at any filter bandwidth, CW or SSB, for example, and is bandwidth dependent. ARRL normally only publishes noise floor for a CW bandwidth, typically 500 Hz CW filter.

11 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Transmitter Third Order IMD

12 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Transmitted IMD Collins 32S dB

13 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA FT db

14 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA FT-1000 Mk V in Class A -42 dB

15 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Mk V Class A Linear Amplifier -40db

16 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Close-in Signals and Splatter IF Filter vs. Adjacent Signal and IMD Splatter 5 KHz -45 dB, 7 th Order

17 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Close-in Signals and Splatter Reduce your power -30 dB -42 dB

18 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Close-in Signals and Splatter Some transceivers, in addition to normal IMD products, produce additional ALC-Induced splatter. On CW the ALC can cause leading-edge key clicks. Some modern rigs splatter more if the ALC is more than “tickled”, or induce clicks on CW.

19 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Conclusions DX’ers need a good receiver for SSB and even better for CW High Dynamic Range Receiver Good Speech Processor on SSB But Your Brain Can Get “Fried” due to operator fatigue. Bad audio can be a factor in that fatigue.

20 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Antenna Considerations

21 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Antenna Considerations "All I'm totally certain of is that any antenna is better than no antenna and the antenna should preferably erected as high and be as long as is possible or desirable".

22 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA The Hard Stuff where: h ant is the height at the receiving antenna, a e is the earth’s radius, the distances G and G b are functions of the angle T between the local horizon and the direction to the wave source point at height h i in the ionosphere. Matching a Antenna to the propagation path

23 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Arrival Angles

24 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA How High? Horizontal polarization (PHV = 20), earth ground, T = 5°, roughness is 3 m

25 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Optimum Height Height gain for horizontal polarization in the 20 m band

26 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Multiband Considerations Optimum antenna heights over even terrain for various frequencies

27 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Signal?

28 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Reflection Loss Reflection coefficient with surface roughness, 20 m band

29 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Arrival Angles vs. Distance Hop distances, with the 3, 4, and 5 hop points marked for a 10,000 km path

30 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Path Loss vs. Arrival Angle

31 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Practical antennas SMALL SIZE (in terms of wavelength) HIGH EFFICIENCY BROADBAND Choose only 2

32 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 1/4 ʎ

33 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 3/8 ʎ 1/2 ʎ

34 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 5/8 ʎ 3/4 ʎ

35 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 7/8 ʎ 1 ʎ

36 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 1½ ʎ 2 ʎ

37 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Radiation Angles 2½ ʎ 3 ʎ

38 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA Discussion

39 © 2011, Utah DX Association, All rights reserved UDXA