Section 3: The French Republic CHAPTER 12 The French Revolution and Napoléon Section 1: The Roots of Revolution Section 2: The French Revolution Section 3: The French Republic Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Section 5: A Return to Peace

The French Republic SECTION 3 12.3 Bell Ringer: In what ways did the National Convention differ from the Directory? National Convention Directory Voters Executive branch Length of rule Use of terror

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories In our last class, France was faced with having to create a new government . . . This time without a king. Delegates were selected to convene a National Convention to write a new constitution. (The term was taken from the Constitutional Convention which drew up the US Constitution in 1787.) Universal Manhood Suffrage

Jacobins Girondins The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic The Convention delegates were divided into three groups: Jacobins “waffles” Girondins

Jacobins The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Jacobins Republicans who favored domination by Paris Were supported by the Commune and sans-culottes wanted reforms to benefit ALL classes –believed that the vote should be universal, popular education, and that the gov’t should provide for the welfare of the poor The more radical members were called The Mountain (for where they sat in the Convention)

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Danton Marat Robespierre Leaders of the Jacobins

Who or What were the Sans-culottes? SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Who or What were the Sans-culottes? They were the working people, the shop owners, the trades people, the artisans, and even the factory workers. The sans-culottes were the common people of Paris, and were so named this because they didn't wear upper class breeches or culottes. They were the working people, the shop owners, the trades people, the artisans, and even the factory workers. They were among the prominent losers of the first, more subtle revolution. While the middle class and wealthy classes benefited greatly from the revolution, the sans-culottes saw their livelihoods disappearing and inflation driving them to fight for survival. Of all the groups of France, the views of the sans-culottes is what drove the radical revolution from 1792 to 1794. The desires of the sans-culottes were simple. They believed that survival was a right of all people, inequality of any kind was to be abolished, and the aristocracy and the monarchy were to be eliminated. Property was not to be completely eliminated, but to be shared in communal groups. These ideas were far more radical than what the Jacobins had in mind. However, more radical Jacobins sympathized with the sans-culotte and began to work with them. This radical group of Jacobins were called the Mountain, because they took the highest seats in the Assembly.

Girondins The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Girondins Lawyers, intellectuals and journalists, the Girondins attracted a following of businessmen, merchants, industrialists, and financiers. Feared that the Parisians would take over …

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Brought Louis XVI to trial …

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Executed Louis XVI on 21 January 1793

The French Republic “Madame Guillotine” SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic “Madame Guillotine” The guillotine was the only legal execution method in France until the abolition of the death penalty in 1981, apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, which entailed execution by firing squad. “The National Razor”

The French Republic Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories Hostile foreign press on the execution of The king. February 1793

The Birth of the French Republic Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic The Birth of the French Republic 2

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories French army FINALLY stopped the foreign invaders . . . Good news! Now they start to “export” the Revolution . . . European monarchs join together in an alliance Against the French and invade France . . .

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Committee of Public Safety -Created to meet the threat of invasion -est. a special court for “enemies of the Revolution” --The Revolutionary Tribunal -adopted conscription to fill the army

The French Republic Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories “the purifying pot of the Jacobins”

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Events begin to spiral out of control … Danton & Robespierre arrest their enemies … namely the Girondins. Charlotte Corday assassinates Marat.

Visual Source The French Republic Israel and the Occupied Territories

The Reign of Terror The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The Reign of Terror Sept 1793 – July 1794 -supposedly punished enemies of the Republic -Marie-Antoinette -basically ANYONE suspected of disloyalty including Girondin opponents -Olympe de Gouges executed TWICE as many bourgeoisie as nobles MORE THEN TWICE as many peasants & workers as bourgeoisie … Among people who were condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 18 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy, 4 percent middle class, and 72 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported minimal crimes.

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Danton declared the Reign of Terror had met its goal . . . Robespierre didn’t think so … Guess who was next …

The French Republic Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories Opposition views …

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Many of the Jacobins began to fear for their own safety . . . A conspiracy was formed to overthrow Robespierre.

The French Republic The Reign of Terror was over. SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic July 28th 1794 The Reign of Terror was over. On July 27th 1794 Robespierre was accused of tyranny, barred from speaking at the National Convention, and was placed under arrest. He would be executed the next day. The Reign of Terror was over.

The Reign of Terror The French Republic Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic The Reign of Terror

The French Republic Sense of relief Jacobins lost power SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic After the Reign of Terror … Sense of relief Jacobins lost power Wealthy middle class took control Riots by poor were put down by the army By 1794 people began to favor a return to a monarchy

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Work of the National Convention Opened new schools – universal elementary education Wage & price controls Abolished slavery in French colonies Encourage religious toleration Metric system New militaristic spirit – used army to quell dissent Crushed Paris uprising 1795 – new gov’t would not accept any opposition

The French Republic The Directory Two house legislature SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic The Directory Two house legislature Executive branch = 5 directors Only male property owners could vote Not effective – directors were weak & corrupt Used army against unrest Paved the way for a military dictatorship

The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories And who would become their dictator? An ambitious young army officer . . . . Napoleon.

Coup d’etat! The French Republic SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Napoleon was a war hero having fought against foreign invaders . . . His supporters would use his popularity to overthrow the Directory … Coup d’etat!

The Directory and Napoleon Visual Source Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic The Directory and Napoleon 2

Why would the French support another upheaval in their government? Section 3 Reflection Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Why would the French support another upheaval in their government?

Quiz Time! Close Your Books! Section 3 Reflection Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Quiz Time! Close Your Books!

The French Republic SECTION 3 National Convention Directory Voters universal manhood suffrage male property owners only Executive branch committees 5 directors Length of rule 3 years 4 years Use of terror yes no

The French Republic Political Cartoon Israel and the Occupied Territories The French Republic Use on test … The tables were turned. The French Revolution had given the first and second estates less power than the third estate. The peasant now rides on the backs of the clergy and nobility, instead of supporting them. He carries the results of a hunt, which was forbidden in the old regime, and says vive le roi (the king) and vive la nation.

Visual Source The French Republic Israel and the Occupied Territories