Chapter 15: The Renaissance The Italian States

Renaissance Italy

The Major Italian States Economics and Politics – 5 major Italian regions: Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, and Rome(Papal States) – Milan 14th century Visconti Family Connected Alps to rest of the Italian trade cities 1447: Francesco Sforza conquered Milan – Did it for the money – Established a strong central government – Established a tax system for the government

Milan

Venice

The Major Italian Cities Venice – Served as the commercial link between Asia and Western Europe – Established as a republic with a doge as its leader – Reality is that the aristocrats/wealthy merchants ran the city – International power due to its large trading ports

Florence

The Major Italian Cities Florence – Established as a republic in the Tuscany region – Started off as a small city but grew through military conquest – 1434: Cosimo de Medici Established the de Medici family as the leaders of Florence Led Florence to become cultural center of Italy – As cities gain more power, the Church loses power Girolano Savonarola (Preacher) – Spoke out against the corruption of the Medici family – Drove them to be exiled from Florence

The De Medici Family

The Major Italian Cities Papal States – Included Rome – Controlled by the Catholic Church

Naples

The Major Italian States Naples – Only major state that was a monarchy Conflict in Europe – Italian prosperity led to the French attacking the city states – 1494: took control of Naples – Italy called for help from Spain – 1527: Rome ransacked by all

Machiavelli’s The Prince Most influential work on politics of the time Main idea: How does one gain and maintain power? Set of rules as to how to govern Morality is unrelated to politics Must act on behalf of the state Must be willing to do both good and evil

Renaissance Society 3 classes within society: Clergy, Nobility, Peasants Nobility – Expected to live up to the standards of the Renaissance – Nobles were born not made – Required, character, grace, and talent – The aim was to serve the prince in an effective and honest way – This made a perfect noble

Renaissance Society Peasants – Patricians Money from banking, trade, and industry – Burghers Shopkeepers, artisans, and guild masters – Workers Unskilled workers – Unemployed

Family and Marriage Marriage – Arranged between family – Designed to strengthen families and business ties – Dowry was given by wife’s family for marriage Family – Husband/father was center of family – Absolute authority over all in family – Mother supervised household and children

Chapter 15: The Renaissance Ideas and Art

Renaissance Humanism What is Humanism? – Intellectual Movement – Education based on grammar, poetry, history, and philosophy – Studied ancient Greek and Roman writers – Ancient Greece and Rome seen as the perfect society

Renaissance Humanism Francesco Petrarch – Father of Renaissance Humanism – Humanism is a solitary life No place for family No place for civic duty – Mentality change in the 1400’s – Byzantine and Islamic influenced humanists as it gave them a greater understanding of the Greeks

Renaissance Humanism Vernacular Literature – The local spoken language – Before this time, literature was written in Latin – Dante Divine Comedy One of first novels to be written in vernacular Wanted everyone to be able to read it Plot: – Soul’s journey to Paradise

Renaissance Humanism Christine de Pizan – The Book of the City of Ladies – Argued that women could learn just as easily as men – Contrary to popular belief which was women could not learn

Renaissance Education Humanists had major effect on education – Liberal Studies HistoryGrammar MathPublic Speaking PoetryAstronomy EthicsMusic – Goal: Create a well rounded citizen and not just a scholar – Emphasis on physical education – Prepared boys for leadership roles and aristocratic lives

Italian Renaissance Art Changes in art in the 14 th century – Fresco Painting done on wet plaster Water Based paint – Perspective Making images pop off page instead of being flat Creating Depth in art – Human Anatomy Looked at movement in body and human anatomy became more natural and realistic

Masaccio- The Tribute Money

Giotto- The Mourning of Christ

Renaissance Art Sculpture – Evolution in sculpture – Began looking at the human body and human centered world – Donatello Most well known sculptor of this time period Used styles to make the human body look more alive and realistic

Donatello- St. George

Renaissance Art Architecture – Change from Gothic Architecture Classic Greek Columns Large rounded arches and domes The interior was large but intimate at the same time – Filippo Brunelleschi Most well known architect Model buildings after seeing Rome

Brunelleschi- Church of San Lorenzo

Renaissance Art High Renaissance ( ) – Leonardo Da Vinci The true “Renaissance man” – Artist, scientist, inventor, writer Aspired for perfection in art Wanted to go beyond realism

Da Vinci- The Mona Lisa

Renaissance Art High Renaissance – Raphael Sanzio Known for paintings of Jesus and Mary (madonnas) Master of balance, harmony, and order in painting

Raphael- School of Athens

Renaissance Art High Renaissance – Michelangelo Buonarroti Master sculptor Master painter Contracted by Rome to create Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo- David

Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel Ceiling