 Permission to copy name, logo, or trademark of a league, athlete, sports team, entertainer, film, television show, or character for a fee, also called royalties  A licensor is the rights-holder of the name, logo, or trademark

 A licensee is company paying for permission to use the name, logo, or trademark  Well-known licensees include Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Sony, Nintendo, and Sega

 Licensed products are manufactured by licensees under an agreement with a a licensor  Licensees can have a significant impact on a licensor’s perception among consumers

 A license issued to another company that will manufacture, market, and sell the licensed products

 Licensing provides greater profit, promotion, and legal protection for the licensor

 The licensor approves the product and collects the licensing fees and royalties  For example, WB will give permission to Electronic Arts to use the Harry Potter character

 Companies typically pay between 5 and 10 percent of wholesales in the form of royalties

 A sports or entertainment entity permits a licensee to use their image, name or character for a fee

 For example, LucasArts licenses a manufacturer to use the images of the characters from Star Wars: Attack of the Clones

 A corporation permits a licensee to use the corporate image of name for a fee  For example, Coca-Cola licenses a manufacturer to use their corporate logo on a baseball cap

 Advantages for Licensor a. Enhanced company image and publicity b. Increased profit from royalties. c. Increased brand awareness or recognition d. Increased opportunity for penetrating new markets

e. Limited manufacturing costs or risks  Advantages for Licensee a. Existing brand awareness or recognition b. Lower advertising and promotional costs

c. Increased possibility of success and profitability d. Connection with an athlete, sports team, entertainer, or corporation

 Disadvantage for licensor a. Potential for poor quality of a licensee’s manufactured products b. Partial relinquishment of control over the marketing mix of the brand

 Disadvantages for licensee: a. Athlete, entertainer, or corporation may lose popularity. b. Sports teams may suffer losing seasons c. Change in styles, trends, and consumer preferences

d. Royalties and licensing fees can be expensive e. Manufacturing costs and risks f. Competition can drive up costs associated with fees and royalties

g. Competition can cause a negative impact on market share

 Increased opportunity to associate with an athlete, sports team, entertainer, or corporation  Increased supply of available products

 Competition can result in lower prices, new products and better quality.

 Bootlegging is unauthorized use of a name, logo, or trademark of a league, athlete, sports team, entertainer, film, TV show or character  Bootlegging reduces the profits of the licensors and legitimate licensees

 Bootlegging can result in poor quality products for consumers, which will decrease brand loyalty