Welcome to Effective Writing I CM107 Unit 4 Paraphrasing, Quoting, & Citing You should be hearing music. If you aren’t, please check your audio. Feel free to chat and get acquainted until the music stops near the top of the hour. Once the seminar starts, please keep all comments relevant to the class topic. Dona M. Avery, Ph.D. Kaplan University Professor

 Reflect on the UNIT 3 PROJECT now that you have completed it.  What did you learn about the WRITING PROCESS?  What did you learn about yourself and your writing strengths and weaknesses?  What is the NEXT step in your journey? How will you continue to develop and improve as a writer?  ANY QUESTIONS from units 1-3?

 The FINAL PROJECT is due in unit 9, and an OUTLINE and DRAFT of that essay will be due in Unit 6.  Review the FINAL PROJECT information as soon as possible and begin the process of finding a topic to write on.  Can anyone summarize the requirements of the Final Project?

 An academic essay of around words in which you serve as a mentor and share your knowledge of a particular disciplinary field, with someone who needs your help.  You can either write to a group of people who have a particular problem, motivating this group of people to overcome this particular problem;  or you can write to someone who is just entering the field you are studying but who is facing a dilemma and who needs your guidance and knowledge to help them conquer the obstacles.

 It must be an essay of between words, informative, rather than persuasive in nature.  It must have a clear introduction ending with a concise thesis that establishes main point.  It must prove the thesis with original thought + source material. Use at least three reliable sources; at least one must be from the KU Library.  It must avoid unreliable sources including Wikipedia.  Source material, whether it have Source: bing.com in text citations and References page entries.  It should be written with an appropriate level of formality, avoiding first and second person.

 Affirmations from experts can help VALIDATE and CLARIFY ideas we are suggesting or claiming.  Even EXPERTS look to other experts for information. They may DISAGREE with that expert, or they may use the source to CLARIFY or reinforce a point, or they may just engage in DIALOGUE with another expert.  We also cite expert sources to demonstrate that we are well-read and up to date on advances in a field.

 Should you read sources before you begin writing? Or should you look for sources to support your own claims and ideas once you have stated them?  How much research is necessary?  Should your paper be able to STAND ALONE without any source material? Source: bing.com

Research can make your writing more persuasive. Source material can help you: ◦ KNOW your subject better. ◦ BUILD your confidence in writing about the topic. ◦ Demonstrate to your audience that you are well- INFORMED and credible. Using reliable sources is important, though. How can we tell if a source is credible?

 The author’s name and contact info are obvious.  The author has credentials.  The website is endorsed (or housed by) a professional or educational organization.  The text is scholarly, accurate, objective.  The text was peer-reviewed before publication.  The information is up to date.  There are citations and a References page or bibliography. NOTE: Sources retrieved from academic databases are credible and reliable! See pp for list of KU databases and the specialty of each.

 Imagine that you are interested in writing about alcoholism, the harmful effects of this problem, and a possible solution to help people struggling with alcoholism. What sort of information might be helpful in creating a paper on this topic? Where can you find such information?  Why might a writer want to find sources in the KU library, rather than immediately going to the Internet?  What advantages might library e-books and articles have over Internet sources?  What are some of the challenges that using library sources might pose?

 ACCESS THE KU LIBRARY.  Using the keyword “ALCOHOLISM” to see what sources are available on the topic through the K-Zoom! search engine.  Notice the CLUSTER results tab Source: bing.com on the LEFT side of K-Zoom! once the list of potential sources comes up. Can this be helpful?  LOCATE one source that explores either a physical or psychological effect of alcoholism.  Share some information provided in that source.

1. TOPIC: 2. RESEARCH and careful NOTE-TAKING. (Why?) 3. PLAN (invention, outline) 4. DRAFT integrate the info from your sources, to prove your claims.

Curious readers need answers to: “ WHY?” and “ WHO SAYS?” As proof for our claims, we cite experts, using: Direct Quotes, Summaries, and Paraphrases. To help readers distinguish our thoughts Source: bing.com from our sources’ ideas, we always introduce the quote or paraphrase with a SIGNAL PHRASE.

According to John Smith (2012, pg. 34), of NASA’s Engineering department,.... By contrast, Polly Wilson (2011) explains,.... admitsdefendscontendsclaims observes suggestsdescribeswarns See more signal phrases on pp , Ch. 12 Signal phrases:  Introduce a source’s ideas.  Help readers distinguish expert’s ideas from ours.  Give credit to the original author.  Help us avoid plagiarism.

The act of presenting as one’s own, the words or ideas of someone else.  Do not “borrow” ideas without citing your source.  Do not copy from the Internet or anywhere else, without using QUOTE MARKS and CITING your source. Source: bing.com

Follow the 80/20 Rule: Use your own words for more than 80% of a paper. When you must quote: 1. use a signal phrase to introduce the speaker, 2. use quotation marks around any word-for-word quotes, 3. use proper APA citation IN the text, and full APA documentation of sources on the References page at end of the paper.

IN-TEXT CITATION: One writer said, “The meaning of a text is co- produced by writer and reader” (Pigott, 2006, pg. 117). REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY: Pigott, T. (2006). The marketplace of meaning. Canadian Business, 79(19), Retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012, from Academic Search Premier.

“Who’s going to care whether or not I have included citations?” “Doesn’t my professor/boss/client want to hear my opinion?” “Isn’t this just another one of those ‘English-teacher’ things?” “I’m tempted to just ignore APA. I can’t get marked down outside of a Composition class, right?

We ALWAYS: respect Intellectual Property and copyright laws, by giving credit to our sources. We consult experts’ writings, to provide readers with verification of our claims. We build credibility in the reader’s eyes when we back up our claims with experts’ findings. We contribute knowledge to our field, by building on what experts have said. Source: bing.com

What Is APA-Style Citation? A standard, agreed-upon way of documenting and ordering the publication details about the sources we use. An expectation of academic writers and professionals in social sciences and business. Kaplan University requires APA Citations & References page (How is APA different from other styles: MLA, Chicago, New York Times, AMA, etc.?)

Author’s last name (or the first 2-3 words of a title). + copyright or “Revised” date + page number if available. Enclose these 3 elements within parentheses. Example: (Smith, 2011, p. 41). NOTE: In-text citations are never URLs. All sources cited in the text must also be listed on the References page, and vice versa.

A NEW page, at the end of your paper. Center the title: References. Double-space the entries and use hanging indents (see pg. 334). ____________________First 3 ELEMENTS : _____________ 1. Last name of author, plus first initial only. 2. Date of the author's publication, in parentheses, followed by a period. 3. Title of the author's work. Example: Smith, J. (2010). My life in prison. What comes NEXT? It depends--

BOOK: Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand. JOURNAL ARTICLE Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), NEWSPAPER ARTICLE James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, 4. INTERNET SOURCE: AUTHOR & DATE UNKNOWN DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2009, from

! The goal of the American Psychological Association (APA) is NOT to drive us all crazy! A citation style standardizes the format, so that readers may easily recognize all the info and retrieve the source to read for themselves: 1. Citations begin with author’s last name. 2. The References page entry is alphabetized by author’s last name, so readers can easily find the relevant documentation for each source cited in the text.

How do you feel, so far, about citing sources? A B C D Source:bing.com

Losing your fear of APA is just one more threshold to cross. Use the “Quick APA References” tab in our course, or view a tutorial or recorded workshop from the Writing Center. You may want to buy the APA Style Manual, 6 th edition (used, from Amazon.com, should be inexpensive). Any claim that is not common knowledge needs to have a citation General Rule:

Alphabetize sources on the References page, by authors’ last names (or by title of article). Use “hanging indent” feature of Word (see p. 334). Double-space the source documentation. Cite sources in TWO PLACES: ALL sources on the References page must also be cited IN the essay—and vice versa.

References About APA style. (2006). Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Academic Search Premier. Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Professional Development Collection. Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Professional Development Collection.

Yesterday, you were looking through magazines, in your doctor’s waiting room. You came across an article in Today’s Military, which had a perfect quote to support your current thesis. You stealthily ripped out pages 13 and 14 and stuffed them in your pocket; but later, you realized you did not have enough info to properly cite this source! Luckily, searching the Internet today, you found more info:  The website has a “Revised” date of 9/20/09  Article’s Title: women in the armed forces  Author: David F. Burrelli  Website: Using APA, what would your IN-TEXT citation look like, and what would the entry on your REFERENCE page look like?

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Burrelli, 2009, pg. 13). REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY: Burrelli, D.F. (2009, September 20). Women in the armed forces. Today’s Military. pp Retrieved June 2, 2010 from Source: bing.com

A direct quote is a word-for-word repetition of what someone said, framed in quotation marks. An Indirect Quote: He argued that X is superior to Y (Gates, 2009, p. 62). Source: bing.com A Direct Quote: According to Bill Gates, “X is superior to Y” (2009, p. 62). Note: The period comes after the citation (rather than at the end of the quote or sentence). We cite our source even when we don’t use a direct quote. Note: If I have mentioned Gates in my text, I do not need to add his name to the citation.

To summarize the original text, drastically reduce the number of words and use your own words along with highlights of the source’s main ideas. To paraphrase an author, interpret and expand on one of his/her main ideas, using your own words and different sentence structure. 1. Read the source until you understand the idea(s) very well. 2. Put away the original source. Use your own words to (a) sum up the author’s ideas, or (b) paraphrase a single idea, to clarify its meaning or to argue its merit. 3. In all cases, cite your source.

ORIGINAL: One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems... [It] is neither reasonable nor healthy... to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self- image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men. Wood, J. T. (1998). Our body, our image: How the media hurts our sense of self. New York: Longman. TOO CLOSE TO ORIGINAL: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. What is neither reasonable nor healthy is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self- image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.

ORIGINAL: One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems... [It] is neither reasonable nor healthy, however,... to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self- image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men. Wood, J. T. (1998). Our body, our image: How the media hurts our sense of self. New York: Longman. QUOTE MARKS NEEDED: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. As Julia T. Wood points out, it “is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men” (Wood, 1998, pg. 30).

ORIGINAL: One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems... [It] is neither reasonable nor healthy, however,... to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self- image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men. Wood, J. T. (1998). Our body, our image: How the media hurts our sense of self. New York: Longman. A casual glance at any fashion magazine makes the point—we women need to weigh less, have clearer skin and larger breasts. As Julia T. Wood points out, media images “encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems” (1998, p. 30). This media- generated perception--that our perfectly normal bodies must be altered to be acceptable--is negatively changing how we view our own bodies.

 Consider your temptations as a writer. Do you want to skip some steps of the writing/research process? Will you settle for mediocre sources or unsupported claims or plagiarized writing or rushing to meet deadline? Or will you practice good time management, take the hurdles one by one, follow the writing process, and deliver a quality “elixir” to your readers? Source: bing.com