TRACC TRansport ACCessibility at Regional/Local Scale and Patterns in Europe ESPON 2013 Programme Internal Seminar Crossing Knowledge Frontiers – Serving the Territories November 2010 Liège, Belgium

TPG 1.Spiekermann & Wegener, Urban and Regional Research (S&W), Dortmund, Germany (Lead Partner) 2.Charles University in Prague, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Prague, Czech Republic 3.RRG Spatial Planning and Geoinformation, Oldenburg, Germany 4.Mcrit, Barcelona, Spain 5.University of Oulu, Department of Geography, Oulu, Finland 6.TRT Trasporti e Territorio, Milan, Italy 7.S. Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Accessibility main 'product' of a transport system determines the locational advantage of an area (i.e. in ESPON a region, a city or a corridor) relative to all areas (including itself) indicators of accessibility measure the benefits households and firms in an area enjoy from the existence and use of the transport infrastructure relevant for their area.  The important role of transport infrastructure (i.e. networks and transport services) for spatial development in its most simplified form implies that areas with better access to the locations of input materials and markets will, ceteris paribus, be more productive, more competitive and hence more successful than more remote and isolated areas.

Key policy questions What are the differences between accessibility at three different levels (regional, European and global) considering the four modes road, rail, water and air? What is the link between accessibility at the different levels and for different modes of European regions and their economic development? How has this link changed over time? Does the strength of this link differ across the EU? What could be the territorial impact of rising energy prices on the future developments of road, rail, water and air transport? What could be the impact of various transport scenarios on climate change, access patterns and economic development?

Main objectives to take up and update the results of existing studies on accessibility at the European scale using most recent available network and socio-economic data, to extend the range of accessibility indicators by further indicators responding to new policy questions and further developing the quality and validity of the existing indicators, to extend the spatial resolution of accessibility indicators by calculating, besides European accessibility, also global and regional accessibility, to explore the likely impacts of available policies at the European and national scale to improve global, European and regional accessibility in the light of new challenges, such as globalisation, energy scarcity and climate change.

Conceptual framework based on Dimensions of accessibility: Origins, destinations, impedance, constraints, barriers, types of transport, modes, spatial scale, equity, dynamics Generic accessibility indicators: Activities Impedance

Work Packages and Tasks

Methodological dimension Overview on state of the art of accessibility research from the global to the local scale. Overview on assessing impacts of accessibility improvements on regional development, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission by transport. Proposal for a core set of accessibility indicators.  Continuity and innovation

Data dimension Review of available network data at European and regional scale Review of available socio-economic data at European and regional scale Network and socio-economic datasets customised for all accessibiltiy and impact modelling at all scales addressed. Geographical coverage: ESPON space, EU candidate countries and other countries of the Western Balkans.

RRG Road Database

RRG Rail Database

European (and global) travel dimension Update of potential accessibility indicators (road, rail, air, multimodal) to 2011 plus dissaggregate approach. Other and innovative types of accessibility indicators. Global accessibility indicators to destinations outside Europe by air and road/rail to Asia

13 Potential accessibility rail 2001 (EU27+2=100)

14 Potential accessibility multimodal 2001 (EU27+2=100)

How to look at changes? Accessibility, rail Relative change (in percent)

Accessibility, rail Absolute change (EU27 average 2006 = 100) How to look at changes?

Change of index (EU27 = 100) How to look at changes?

Urban connectivity (3/5 hours) Road Air

European (and global) freight dimension Standard European freight accessibility indicators for selected commodities by road, rail, water, air. Other and innovative types of freight accessibility indicators. Global accessibility indicators to destinations outside Europe by air and sea and selected road/rail to Asia.

Regional dimension Typology of regional/local accessibility patterns in different types of regions. Set of regional case studies with harmonised analyses of regional/local accessibility. European-wide regional accessibility indicators. Comparison of regional and European accessibility indicators.  "For the daily life of citizens regional/local accessibility may be more importany than global or European accessibility”

Regional dimension Typology of regional/local accessibility patterns in different types of regions. Set of regional case studies with harmonised analyses of regional/local accessibility. European-wide regional accessibility indicators. Comparison of regional and European accessibility indicators. Selected macro regions for case studies

Road accessibility to transport terminals (Mcrit)

Impact dimension Analysis of the relationship between accessibility and economic development and environmental indicators over time. Consistent set of long-term scenarios of European transport. Likely spatial impacts of European transport scenarios up to the year 2030 (regional accessibility, regional economic development, territorial cohesion, poliycentricity, environmental impacts).

Accessibility v. GDP/capita

Accessibility v. GDP/capita

TEN-T priority projects

SASI model GDP Accessibility Production function Employment Migration function Population Income Labour force Transport policy Unemploy- ment

 Trento  Bolzano  Venezia  Zürich  Torino  Milano  Lyon Wien  München  Strasbourg   Ljubljana Accessibility road/rail/air travel Scenario Reference Scenario  Trento  Bolzano  Venezia  Zürich  Torino  Milano  Lyon Wien  München  Strasbourg   Ljubljana Accessibility road/rail/air travel Scenario AS1 v Brenner tunnel effect

 Trento  Bolzano  Venezia  Zürich  Torino  Milano  Lyon Wien  München  Strasbourg   Ljubljana Accessibility road freight Scenario AS1 v Brenner tunnel effect  Trento  Bolzano  Venezia  Zürich  Torino  Milano  Lyon Wien  München  Strasbourg   Ljubljana Erreichbarkeit Straße/Schiene Güter Szenario AS1 v Brennertunneleffekt  Trento  Bolzano  Venezia  Zürich  Torino  Milano  Lyon Wien  München  Strasbourg   Ljubljana GDP per capita (EU27+2 = 100) Scenario AS1 v Brenner tunnel effect

Energy price scenarios: accessibility road/rail/air (million) Accessibility road/rail/air (mio)

Scenario A1 GDP per capita Difference from Scenario A (%)

Policy dimension Summary of project findings in relation to the goals of the European Union (competitiveness, territorial cohesion and environmental sustainability) for different types of regions. Evaluation of policy instruments to maintain and improve regional accessibility and to draw as much benefit for regional development with smallest possible negative implications. Avenues for further applied research on the theme of accessibility at global, European and regional scale.

Reporting Inception ReportJuly 2010 (available at Interim ReportJanuary 2011 Draft Final ReportJanuary 2012 Final ReportMay 2012