CLASSIC COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY Programming Paradigms

THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE Each cog contains printable numbers which turn using forward and reversed teeth to turn Funded initially by the British Government, the machine ran out of finance as progress was too slow

THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE Each cog contains printable numbers which has the ability to store one decimal number in each column Notice the tab between the 6 & 7 – this trips the machine to return to 0 when 9 is passed

THE PARODY - HEX The idea of an early computer is now so woven into society’s history that it is now seen in literature, films and tv. The parody of HEX introduced in Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series was based on the Difference Engine – here ants were added “because all computers need bugs”

THE DAWN OF PROGRAMMING 1800 – Weaving looms made use of ‘punched cards’ to weave patterns 1822 – Charles Babbage produces a computing machine named ‘The Difference Engine’ – Claimed to be the first computer 1843 – Charles Babbage creates a new machine called the ‘Analytical Engine’. This is widely agreed to be the first computer – Herman Hollerith made the link between punch cards for patterns and data. The 1890 census was recorded on punch cards – Alan Turing introduces his ‘Turing Machine’ which is a basic abstract symbol-manipulating devices which, despite their simplicity, can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computing algorithm.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) 1955 – John Backaus developed the FORTRAN language for IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications FORTRAN is still in use today in some areas. Look at the coloured cards – How do these relate to the early designs for programming we have just discussed?

PROGRAMMING AS A CONCEPT John Backus – 1975: "Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the IBM 701 [ an early computer ], writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs."

COBOL (COmmon Business-Orientated Language) 1959 – Grace Hopper creates a language aimed at the financial sector 1969 – Due to her work with COBOL, Grace Hopper won the first ‘man of the year’ award given by the Data Processing Management Association Initially COBOL did not support local variables, recursion, dynamic memory allocation or structured programming – these were all added later. The language contains over 400 reserved words (or ‘keywords’) Since the 1960s, COBOL has been the programming language favoured by the Military, Government and other State run organisations.

BASIC 1964 – BASIC was Designed by John Kennedy & Thomas Kurtz BASIC was intended to address the complexity issues of older languages and allow those with less knowledge of maths into the field of programming. Loosely based on Fortran, BASIC made use of ‘structured’ statements and had the ability to be used for a variety of purposes. BASIC is the father of most modern programming languages – without basic, we would not have some of our more prominent languages today: Visual Basic (the clue is in the name!) VB.Net C Pascal Delphi Keyword!!

PASCAL 1970 – Pascal is published by Niklaus Writh with the aim of introducing one of the first procedural languages and increasing efficiency in programming Important features of Pascal included were records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically allocated variables with associated pointers, and sets. This allowed programmers to create their own complex datatypes (think Generalisation.....) This provided a basis for future procedural languages such as C. Program HelloWorld(output); begin writeln('Hello, world!') end.

C 1972 – C is released by Dennis Richie as an evolution of structured programming C was hailed as one of the most efficient and manipulative languages available and as such was used worldwide for a variety of purposes. One of the main benefits of C was it’s ability to compile for a very wide variety of computer platforms. Remember, 1972 was the dawn of the PC, there was no single leader in technology – Apple and Microsoft were just beginning to build their empires.....

C – C++ is released by Danish Born Bjarne Stroustrup C++ is the first language of it’s kind because it no longer uses a structured language. From C++ forward, languages make best use of memory by way of Object Orientation Function Program

Object Orientated Languages C++ Brought with it efficiencies never thought possible with structured languages: Polymorphism: Best described out of context – An object which is changed to be best for purpose Keyword!!

Object Orientated Languages Polymorphism: In programming, Polymorphism often refers to ‘function overloading’. That is using the same named function to complete a different set of tasks – here the function is ‘+’: = 3 (integer) = (float) = 4.7 (int / float = float) 4.[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] (numeric array build) 5.[true, false] + [false, true] = [true, false, false, true] (string array build) 6."fu" + "bar" = "fubar” (string builder)

C++ C++ is still widely used today in many industries The dawn of internet technologies saw a decline in C++ programming as it’s use on a web page could spell disaster for users. Why? It’s ability to directly access memory However, within stand alone programs such as military and private aviation simulation, C++ still reigns supreme. Bjarne Stroustrup, now a Dr – continues to have involvement with developments within C++ and still teaches his theories in many universities around the world.

PROGRAM EVOLUTION From THISTo THIS In 150 years. What Next?