5.1 DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERPROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCESSYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATIONAPPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION* SOFTWARE System SW, Application development SW, Applications

5.2 Computer Software Application Software System Software General purpose Application Programs Application – Specific Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs Performs information Processing tasks for End users Manages and supports Operations of computer Systems and networks Web browsers Word processing Spreadsheets Presentation graphics Groupware ERP Business Apps E-Commerce Education Entertainment Operating systems Network management System utilities Performance monitors Security monitors Programming languages Application development Computer Software

5.3 SOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE SimultaneousActivitiesPriorities

5.4 MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE- PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT Concurrent use of CPU / execute until I/O rqst

5.5 MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER* One person can run two or more programs or tasks Concurrently. Multiple windows open. Could not do this under DOS

5.6 VIRTUAL STORAGE METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE: PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO –FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR –VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS) CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGECURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE*

5.7 MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMTWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLYCAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY*

5.8 SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSSOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECOMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH- LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTEROBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER* LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

5.9 TRANSLATION PROCESS SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES

5.10 MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me & 2000 Windows CE OS/2 OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES List example operating systems

5.11 OPERATING SYSTEM MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; Multimedia Unix For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms FEATURES

5.12 GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES – written with regular words (fortran, cobol) 4th. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES * 0’s and 1’s Registers

5.13 HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applicationsFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processingCOBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC languageBASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language*

5.14 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYCAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES*

5.15 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 1. QUERY LANGUAGES: rapidly retrieve datarapidly retrieve data interactive/ on-lineinteractive/ on-line may use NATURAL LANGUAGEmay use NATURAL LANGUAGE support special requests for data from relational databasessupport special requests for data from relational databases*

5.16 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 2. REPORT GENERATORS: Create customized reportsCreate customized reports Wide range of formatsWide range of formats 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videosCan manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos Presentation managersPresentation managers*

5.17 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: User specifies computer needsUser specifies computer needs Generator creates logic and code for applicationGenerator creates logic and code for application Greatly reduces development timeGreatly reduces development time*

5.18 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially available set of programs... WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE *

5.19 New Development Tools JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE (all appliances) APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION (Runs in browser)APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION (Runs in browser) APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM (in theory … bull)RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM (in theory … bull) Requires JVM – part of web browser. Interprets each command. (runs in a “sandbox”Requires JVM – part of web browser. Interprets each command. (runs in a “sandbox” Servlet – Java program runs on serverServlet – Java program runs on server* Platform independent

5.20 New Development Tools HTML – used to display a Web page and tells where words should be Placed. (Hypertext markup language) Interpreted by web browsers (IE and Netscape) XML – eXtensible Markup Language – describes the data DTD – document type definition

5.21 ASP – Application Service Providers Host application SW for other businesses, usually over the Web. ExpensAble.com – (T&E) travel and enter. expense reporting SW via web. $5K one time fee and $5/user/month. Advantages: No need to maintain SW or HW Always available Auto updates Browser is only SW required