Digital Koto Music Scores Forum on Information Technology (FIT) 2002 IPSJ & IEICE; Tokyo Institute of Technology Craig Sapp (craig@ccrma.stanford.edu) Stanford University Sachiko Deguchi (deguchi@ccrma.stanford.edu) Kogyokusha College of Technology

Purpose Develop computer printing system for koto music Arabic numeral notation for Western students of koto. Typeset new compositions for koto music. Convert Western music notation into koto notation. Create digital encoding format for koto scores. Electronic database of koto music. Analysis of koto music.

The Koto String 1 Performer sits here String 13

Existing Typeset Koto Music Yamada school engraved music: Ikuta school engraved music: Our computer-typeset music:

Computer Typesetting Process A: Ideally spaced music with spacing boxes visible. Only music elements with controlling widths. Spacing ratio of 0.65 for duration ratio of 1:2. B: Spacers scaled to fit music in margins. Box widths all scaled by the same amount. Widths of music elements not scaled. C: Vertical elements added. Add ornaments (e.g.: hiki), fingerings, rhythmic beaming Final score output is in PostScript format vector graphics (scalable) convertible to PDF format

Koto Notation Encoding Problems Most computer music application written for standard Western notation. Standard Western notation does not map well to koto score many glissando techniques in koto music. standard koto tunings contain same pitch on strings 1 + 5 strings of koto can be re-tuned difficult to remember new pitch/string mappings

Symbolic Encoding Format koto2eps **koto *M4/4 *tune[d:G:A:A#:d:d#:g:a:a#:dd:dd#:gg:aa] {5+i - 3 1s =2 0} {3|sb 3|sc 8|. 7|| 6| 7|o =3 1c 5|. 4|| 3} {1s =4 9 8| 7| *- Based on the Humdrum File Format for music research: http://www.humdrum.net 10, 11, 12, 13 Pitch: String numbers from 1 - 9 + A, B, C, D Rests: number 0 Rhythm: One beat by default | symbol halves duration (Western beams) - symbol for ornamentation placement Other: = barlines {,} phrase markings a, b, c fingerings i, s, o ornaments

Web Interface for Creating Scores http://koto.sapp.org/score

Koto Notation to Western Notation *M4/4 *tune[d:G:A:A#:d:d#:g:a:a#:dd:dd#:gg:aa] {5+i - 3 1s =2 0} {3|sb 3|sc 8|. 7|| 6| 7|o . =3 **kern *M4/4 {2d . 4A 4d: 4G: =2 4r} {8A: 8A#: 8A: 8A#: 8.a 16g 8d# 16gH 16ah =3 Automatic conversion from koto data to Humdrum kern data Kern data can then be typeset kern mup kern MusicXML MusicXML Finale

Western Notation to Koto Notation Program written to convert western notated music into koto performance notation. E mode G mode Tuning: c:d:e:f:g:a:b:cc:dd:ee:ff:gg:aa

Electronic Data Conversion Paths Humdrum Koto koto2eps Analysis koto2kern kern2koto paper ms Humdrum Kern Mup Performance modeling krn2xml smf MIDI MusicXML dolet Finale sound

Further information Website for koto scores: http://koto.sapp.org Humdrum koto data format specification: http://koto.sapp.org/kotospec.html Koto score generating web interface: http://koto.sapp.org/score