Timeline 1206 Temujin (Genghis Khan, r ) forms confederation of Mongol tribes, launches armies to east and west Death of Genghis Khan, who by now has conquered N. China, overthrown Qara-Khitai and Khwarazm- Shahs. Word List Ilkhanids Timurids Mongols

Map Link: Animated Map of the Mongol Conquests:

Timeline Mongol expeditions attack Russia and E. Europe Mongols take Asia Minor Mongols take Alamut Mongols take Baghdad, put ‘Abbasid caliph al-Musta‘sim (r ) to death Mongols take Aleppo, Damascus.

Timeline 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols at ‘Ayn Jalut. In wake of battle, Baybars takes control of Mamluk sultanate, rules until 1277.

Map Link: The Mongol Dominions, : < 3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/800px- Mongol_dominions1.jpgMongol_dominions1.jpg>

Great Khanate of China and Mongolia Chaghatay Khanate Khanate of the Golden Horde Ilkhanate

Timeline Reign of Ilkhan Ghazan, who imposes Islam on Ilkhanate Reign of Öljeitü. Mid-14th century sees fragmentation of Ilkhanate. Word List Hülegü Ilkhans/ Ilkhanids Sufis (Muslim mystics) iqta‘ (≈fief)

Timeline 1361 Temür (Tamerlane/ Tamburlaine/Temür the Lame, r ) comes to power Temür takes control of Transoxania, launches campaigns to east and west Reign of Shah Rukh. Word List Ottomans Samarqand Herat shari‘a (Islamic Law) Ulugh Beg

Timeline Reign of Husayn Bayqara Persia passes into hands of Safavids Babur defeats sultan of Delhi in India, founds Mughal Empire Indian Mutiny/First Indian War of Independence against British.

Qur’an for sultan Öljeitü. Ilkhanid. 30 volumes By ‘Abd Allah al-Hamadani. Ink, gold and colour on paper. (F - 2 slides) Mahmud of Ghazna crosses the Ganges. Jami‘ al-Tawarikh Tabriz. (F) Shakyamuni (Buddha) offers fruit to the devil: Jami‘ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din. Tabriz (F) A miniature of Alexander enthroned from the “Demotte” Shahnama produced in Tabriz. Early 14th c. (F) Iranian Lajvardina dish, early 14th c. Glazed ceramic. 21.1cm. (F) Friday Mosque of Taj al-Din ‘Ali Shah, Tabriz, (bt. c ). (Ernst J. Grube, The World of Islam (London: Paul Hamlyn, 1966), p. 103.) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). View of the eastern façade. (A) Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). Exterior view from the northwest. (A) Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). Detail view of interior tilework that formed part of the first decorative scheme. (A) Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). Detail view of interior stucco decoration. (A) Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). Detail view of interior tilework that formed part of the first decorative scheme. (A)

Tomb of Öljeitü, Sultaniya, Iran (bt ). View of polychrome plaster on a vault in the gallery. (A) Pilgrims at the Ka‘ba; Pilgrim touches stone. From “A Miscellany for Iskandar Sultan.” Shiraz or Isfahan. 814/1411, a treatise on religious observance. (F) The Lion attacks the Bull. Kalila wa Dimna. Baysungur, Herat (F) The Tree of Zaqqum in Hell. Page from the Mirajnama Herat (540 AH). (F) “King Nushirvan and the Owls” from an Iranian copy of Nizami’s (d. 1209) Khamsa (Quintet) (F) Fritware dish. Underglaze painted cobalt blue. Iznik, c cm diameter. (F) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Gur-i Amir Complex, Samarqand (bt. 1403). Exterior view, main elevation. (A) Gur-i Amir Complex, Samarqand (bt. 1403). View from the remains of the Mohammad Sultan Madrasa to the mausoleum. (A) Gur-i Amir Complex, Samarqand (bt. 1403). Detail view of the ribbed dome of the tomb. (A) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Timeline 640s Muslim raids into India begin Reign of Mahmud of Ghazna, who makes first major Muslim incursions into India. Word List Ghaznavids Ghurids

Map Link: India, : < triangle_map.svgtriangle_map.svg>

Timeline Reign of Ghurid sultan Muhammad Qutb al-Din Aybak assassinates Muhammad, declares self sultan of Delhi Reign of Qutb al-Din Sultanate of Delhi in N. India Temür raids northern India.

Map Link: The Delhi Sultanate: < /3/30/Delhi_History_Map.png/3/30/Delhi_History_Map.png>

Timeline 1526 Babur defeats sultan of Delhi, sets up Mughal Empire in N. India Reign of Babur, first Mughal Emperor Babur secures hold on northern India Reign of Akbar, who extends Mughal control over much of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan.

Map Link: The Mughal Empire: < ff/Mughal_Historical_Map.pngff/Mughal_Historical_Map.png>

Timeline 1658 British establish permanent hold on Bengal. Later 17th century: Decline of Mughal state in wake of campaigns against religious dissidents. Mid 18th century: British defeat French to establish dominance in India.

Map Link: India, 1765: < IGI1908India1765a.jpgIGI1908India1765a.jpg>

Timeline May 9th 1857 Outbreak of Indian Mutiny/ First Indian War of Independence. July 1858 End of Indian Mutiny/ First Indian War of Independence Death of last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, in exile in Burma. Bahadur’s sons are killed by British troops. End of Mughal dynasty.

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Taj Mahal. Agra, India (F) Detail of the Taj Mahal. Agra, India (F) Taj Mahal. Detail of pietra dura inlay work on mausoleum. (A) Taj Mahal. Detail view of mausoleum, looking up at the muqarnas in the entry iwan. (A) Taj Mahal. Floorplan. (Wikimedia Commons: < wikimedia.org/>.) Taj Mahal. Jali screen surrounding the cenotaphs. (Wikipedia:.) Taj Mahal. Cenotaphs, interior of Taj Mahal on ground level. (Wikipedia:.)

Taj Mahal. Tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal at underground level. (Wikipedia:.) Taj Mahal complex. Plan. (Wikipedia:.) Tomb of Humayun. Delhi (F) Tomb of Akbar. Sikadra (F) Tomb of Akbar. Sikadra Detail of mural in vestibule. (F) Tomb of I‘timad al-Dawla, Agra (F - 2 slides) Tomb of Safdarjang. Delhi (F) Purana Qal‘a Mosque. Delhi. 1540s. (F) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Fatehpur Sikri. India Gate to Friday Mosque. (F) Fatehpur Sikri. India. 1560s. Second court of palace. (F) Fatehpur Sikri. India. 1560s. Royal pavilion. (F) Moti Mosque, Agra , built by Shah Jahan. Exterior view. (F) Moti Mosque, Agra , built by Shah Jahan. Prayer hall. (F) Red Fort, Delhi. Built by Shah Jahan (F) The construction of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbarnama. India, c Ink and colour on paper. (F) Mughal camp as depicted in the Arrest of Abu’l-Ma‘ali, from a copy of the Akbarnama. India, c Colour on paper. (F) Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Khusrau and Shirin meet on the hunting field. Khamsa of Nizami. Lahore ‘Abd al-Rahim (calligrapher), Nanha (artist). (F) Majnun visited by his father. Khamsa belonging to Amir Khusrad Delari. Lahore Ink and colour on paper. (F) Jahangir presenting a book to a Sufi. India, c (F) Mughal carpet, mid-17th c. (F) Cotton prayer mat: Mughal with Gujarati style silk embroidery. Second half of the 17th c. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Late Mughal India. Covered jar, c Cloisonne enamel on gold. (F) Late Mughal India. Storage Chest, Gujarat wood with mother of pearl and black lacquer. (F)