The Mongols and Central Asia
Pre-Mongol Eurasia
Temujin, Born 1167 Mongols were nomadic Declared leader of all Mongol tribes, Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan) 1211 – Invades Jin Dynasty in northern China 1227 – Genghis Khan dies, Ogodei is next Khan
Chinese Dynasties Jin Dynasty 1115—1234 – Genghis Khan invades Yuan Dynasty 1271—1368 – Mongol-led, founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Ming Dynasty 1368—1644 – Drives out Mongols, nice vases Qing Dynasty 1644—1911 – Last dynasty before Republic of China
The Khanates
Ogodei Khan, nd Great Khan Added Persia Empire reached greatest extent west Conquered Georgians, Armenians, invaded Korea He died just as his armies were invading Austria and Germany
The Batu Campaigns, 1230s – 1250s Batu Khan – son of Jochi, grandson of Genghis Leader of The Golden Horde while Ogedei and Guyuk were Great Khans At one time, ruled Rus, Caucasus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania Volga – longest river in Europe Rus – totally destroyed scores of cities, Pskov and Novogrod escaped destruction Top general was Subatai
Guyuk Khan, rd Great Khan Letter to Pope Innocent IV: "from the rising of the sun to its setting, all the lands have been made subject to the Great Khan“ Died while probably planning to assassinate Batu Khan
Mongke Khan, Added Syria and Iraq to empire First from the Toluid line Uprising in Novogrod – Alexander Nevsky convinced city to pay tribute Made deals with Crusaders (Crusades ended in 1291)
Maaloula
Kublai Khan, Founded Yuan Dynasty, mandate of heaven First non-Chinese to conquer all of China Summer palace in Xanadu (subject of Coleridge poem) Marco Polo wrote of him in the Polo travels Bad relations with Golden Horde National paper currency Rebuilt The Grand Canal Son Temur Two failed invasions of Japan: 1274, 1281 with Korean allies Kamikaze – “divine wind”
XANADU THE BALLAD OF KUBLAI KHAN by SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1816) In Xanadu did Kublai Khan a stately pleasure-dome decree, where Alph, the sacred river, ran through caverns measureless to man down to a sunless sea, so twice five miles of fertile ground with walls and towers were girdled round. and there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree. And here were forests as ancient as the hills, enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
End of Mongolian Empire Rule of Togon-Temur, Ming Dynasty (Han Chinese) rose in the south 1369 – took capital Shangdu, Mongols fled north Still kept title Emperor of China but the southern Chinese called him Chinese believed the Khan lost the Mandate of Heaven, one of the five Confucian relationships
Ivan III
The Great Stand on the Ugra River 1480
Crimean Khanate 1600