CarboOcean II – might there be one? What happens on ? -Some ideas around- EU FP6 Integrated Project CARBOOCEAN ”Marine carbon sources and sinks assessment” 4 th Annual Meeting – Dourdan France Germany 8-12 December 2008

-CarboOcean final report -ICOS -COCOS -COMBINE -EPOCA -other running initiatives -Hopefully new marine biogeochemistry/C cycle slot in FP7 workprogramme -Good ideas available -Keep spirits up -Inform your national contacts for Brussels -Fill in gap with attracting money from EU and nationally -I believe: EU needs/wants us to move on: C assessment report

We do not know any potential call text – so any concrete planning may be premature… BUT: We need to be prepared somehow, if someone asks us for concrete input (see also C assessment report) AND: We should (I hope you agree) continue keeping the CarboOcean network alive beyond the formal end of the project

The Southern Ocean I: Dorothee Bakker, Mario Hoppema, Nicolas Metzl, Marta Álvarez, Melissa Chierici, Oliver Huhn, Bruno Delille, Aida Rios, Hein de Baar, Henk Zemmelink, Jacqueline Boutin File: “CarboOcean_SO ideas.doc” comprehensive summary put our regional ideas in the global context … decadal scale (of course) …anthropogenic versus natural CO2 variability ("Cant/Cnat") …SO = remote and under-sampled area – measure more … algorithms to estimate fCO2 values from remotely sensed and ocean data … DIC, AT, pH and underway oxygen … between SAM, atmosphere, sea ice cover and CO2 fluxes …What is the net annual CO2 flux of the Southern Ocean? Interannual variability, seasonal? … include biological parameters … more data are needed in the seasonal ice zone and ice field zones … shift in the marine ecosystem … CFCs … ventilation tracers … relation to GEOTRACES …ocean acidification of the Southern Ocean and its impact on biological productivity and chemistry of iron and other trace metals … repeat deep sections across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Weddell Gyre … impact of the Antarctic Coastal Current (ACoC) on natural and anthropogenic CO2 uptake … uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence … to mix CARIOCA information with other international data and satellites … short term/mesoscale variability plus deriving large scale estimates … physics + biology …

Continuation of the North Atlantic CO2 observing network: Dorothee Bakker “Both the North Atlantic CO2 observing network and the deep ocean carbon synthesis are particularly successful parts of CARBOOCEAN, with many publications in the pipeline. Aiming just for new science and 'cheap' modelling (in comparison to data collection) carries the risk of neglecting basic science. Eg this has been happening with considerable oncoming funding in the UK for ocean acidification, earth observation and modelling, but little for sustained, baseline observations.”

Encourage new and on-going high temporal resolution platforms (moorings / fixed stations) in coastal environments for pCO2 and O2 measurements: Alberto Borges “In coastal environments due to strong horizontal heterogeneity and strong physics (tidal currents and residual currents), daily and sub-daily variability of pCO2 is about 50 ppm. Hence to analyse pCO2 and O2 data through the spectrum of time scales (sub-daily, daily, seasonal and inter-annual) high resolution temporal measurements (better than 1 h) are needed, and this cannot be achieved with VOS lines. Hence moorings and fixed stations complement nicely VOS line approaches in coastal environments. Also this would nicely complement on- going activities in the US by MBARI and PMEL.”

Gas transfer velocity “revival”: Alberto Borges “…the eddy covariance technique could nicely complement “CO2 in the water work” in some extreme, difficult or very complex environments. Of course, seaice because of the difficulty to obtain field measurements in forming first-seaice in fall (too thin to sample) or during winter (too rough) but with unmanned eddy covariance it should be possible to derive fluxes and budget at yearly scale the fluxes (since most "manned field" data are obtained during austral sprign and summer). Mud-flat environments due to heterogeinity of air-sediment + air-water fluxes are also attractive environments to work with eddy covariance.”

Relate modern and paleo-CO2: Jøregn Bendtsen “I would like to suggest that interpretation of paleo-CO2 data will be central for a CARBOOCEAN-2 project. Therefore the time period of interest for CARBOOCEAN should be extended from the few hundred years into the future to also include the last interglacial (..and glacial…) period. Understanding the dynamics of the CO2 in the Holocene are a central issue. This will fit very well with the ongoing ice-core drilling activities in Greenland - where high resolution CO2-records during the Holocene (and maybe Eem) is one of the targets. These drillings will be finalized within the next two-three years. This will hopefully provide us with high-resolution CO2-measurements from the past years. Further analysis of Antarctic ice-cores should off course also be considered, but in particular the Holocene CO2-dynamics will be relevant. A paleo-CO2 workpackage could also consider CH4 and N2O, and thereby involve analysis of previous low-oxygen zones.”

Coordination of international efforts to long-term observe the Arctic and Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes: Many, for Arctic: Bob Key “Now that we've finished the data collection and 2nd QC of CARINA one huge data gap still exists relevant to your request: the Arctic. This is particularly true for the carbon measurements and tracers, but an extreme deficit also exists for the routine measurements. The problem includes data quantity, distribution and quality and is most acute in the open ocean regions. It isn't particularly glamorous, but what is desperately needed is "WOCE Arctic" to set a baseline so that future change can be accurately quantified. This fits into one of the topics you listed and would certainly require an international effort because of the cost of sampling there coupled with the fact that there are so few possible ships. The existing data are so sparse that many of the existing Arctic CARINA cruises couldn't even be run through 2nd QC. The proximity of the Arctic to EU would help and I would think that additional support exists in Canada, Japan and the U.S. It would also be a chance to start to integrate participation from Russia. In Russia, Alex Kozyr would be a great help with contacts since he did his graduate work in St. Pete. and knows many of the chemical and physical people still working there. I just returned from the IPY meeting in St. Petersburg, Russia and it is obvious that IPY helped, but the amount of new open basin data collected is trivial relative to what is needed and the needs are immediate since things are already changing very quickly.”

GEOTRACES and its relation to C cycle research: mentioned by many (also, e.g. by Fortunat Joos) -Ventilation -Trace metals COST Action ES0801 chaired by Gideon Henderson “The ocean chemistry of bioactive trace elements and paleoclimate proxies” Kick-off meeting was 14 Nov 2008 in Brussels Several CarboOcean members (Iceland, UiB, AWI, IfM-Kiel)

Ocean Acidification – what is not done by other projects such as EWPOCA: Several Boundary conditions for acidication studies have tobe delivered – actual long term pH and CO3-saturation “monitoring”

Critical quality assessment of geo-engineering solutions (deliberate sub-sea storage, Fe-fertilization): Christoph Heinze, Bruno Delille, others We may not want to, but have to address this issue…