Chapter 13 Exploring the Oceans

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Arctic Ocean the smallest ocean in the arctic circle mostly covered with ice just starting to be explored under the ice

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Indian Ocean 2nd smallest ocean Bordered by Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Atlantic Ocean 2nd Largest Borders Africa, Europe, and the America’s

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Divisions of the Global Ocean Pacific The largest ocean Borders the America’s, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

13-1 Earth’s Oceans How did they form? Pangaea broke apart The breaks in the land flooded with water from the 1 original sea As the land moves oceans are shrinking or growing

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Salty Water contains sodium chloride Water dissolves minerals as it flows to the oceans Water evaporates and leaves minerals behind

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Salinity Measure of the amount of dissolved solids in a given amount of liquid 1 kg of ocean water contains 35 g of solid

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Affects on Salinity Coastal areas with hotter drier climates will have a high salinity More evaporation with less precipitation Major river deltas will cause lower salinity

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Temperature Zones Surface Zone Warm top layer Extends to 300 m Thermocline Extends from 300 m -700 m Water temp changes the fastest Deep Zone Average temp is 2˚C

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Ocean Water Cycle A cycle that links all of Earth’s solid, liquid, and gaseous water together Combination of Condensation, Precipitation, and Evaporation

13-1 Earth’s Oceans Global Thermostat Ocean absorbs and releases energy slower than land Water will circulate between warm and cold around the world

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Shelf From the shore to continental slope Gentle slope Can reach 200 m

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Slope From shelf to rise Steeper than shelf Can range from 200 m to 4,000 m

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Continental Rise Base of the slope Made of large piles of sediments Between slope and the basin

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Abyssal Plain Broad flat portion of the deep Covered in mud and remains of organisms Avg depth of 4,000 m

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mid-Ocean Ridge Mountain chains where plates pull apart Ridge Zone Crack where magma fills in the crack Rift Valley Space between the mountains

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Seamounts Individual mountains of volcanic material Magma pushes up through a plate

13-2 The Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Ocean Trench Deep crack in the deep-ocean basin Where an ocean plate dives beneath a continental plate

13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Plankton Organisms that float at or near the surface Most are microscopic 2 Types Plant like Animal like

13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Nekton Free swimming organisms Most abundant in surface waters

13-3 Life in the Ocean 3 Groups of Marine Life Benthos live on or in the ocean floor

13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment bottom of the ocean Intertidal Zone located between low-tide and high-tide limits organisms must be able to live in water and on land

13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Sublittoral Zone extends from low-tide limit to the edge of the continental shelf coral reefs

13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Bathyal Zone extends from the edge of the continental shelf to the abyssal plain no sun sponges, sea stars, echinoids, octopi, and brachiopods

13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Abyssal Zone on the abyssal plain no plants and few animals crabs, sponges, worms, and sea cucumbers

13-3 Life in the Ocean Benthic Environment Hadal Zone floor of the ocean trenches very little is known sponges, few worms, few clams

13-3 Life in the Ocean Pelagic Environment entire volume of water and life above the ocean floor Neritic Zone covers the continental shelf most life lives here

13-3 Life in the Ocean Pelagic Environment Oceanic Zone all ocean except the continental shelf organisms are more spread out

14-1 Currents Surface Currents Streamlike movements of water at or near the ocean surface Controlled by 3 factors Global Winds Coriolis effect Continental deflection

14-1 Currents Surface Currents Global Winds Wind pushes water around the ocean Can reach depths of several hundred meters

14-1 Currents Surface Currents Coriolis Effects The curving of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth’s rotation Turns the ocean currents

14-1 Currents Surface Currents Continental Deflections Land changes the ocean currents path If land wasn’t there currents would flow in an uniform pattern

14-1 Currents Surface Currents Temperature Warm water currents begin near the equator Carry warm water to cold places Cold water currents begin at the poles Carry cold water to warm places

14-1 Currents Deep Currents Stream like movements of water far below the surface 3 Factors Decreasing Temp Changing Salinity from Freezing or Evaporation

14-1 Currents Deep Currents Decreasing Temp Cold causes water molecules to slow down and condense Cold water sinks and pulls warm water over it

14-1 Currents Deep Currents Changing Salinity Salt will not get contained in ice More ice the higher the salinity and the denser the water

14-1 Currents Deep Currents Changing Salinity through Evaporation Solids will not evaporate with water Salinity will increase and water will become more dense

14-1 Currents Currents and Climate Currents will affect the land they are next to Warm climates are created by warm currents and vise versa

14-1 Currents Current Variations Upwelling Process in which cold deep ocean water rises to the surface Warm water is blown out to sea by winds

14-1 Currents

14-1 Currents Current Variations El Nino An upwelling in the S. Pacific Changes global weather patterns Creates rains in dry areas and drought in usually wet areas

14-2 Waves Anatomy of a Wave Water does not move only energy Crest the highest point of a wave Trough the lowest point of a wave

14-2 Waves Anatomy of a Wave Wavelength Wave Height the distance between two adjacent wave crests or wave troughs Wave Height the vertical distance between a wave’s crest and trough

14-2 Waves Types of Waves Breaker Surf as water becomes shallower water builds up Gravity will pull water back down and crash Surf area between breaker zone and the shore

14-2 Waves Types of Waves Undertow water returning to the sea under incoming waves Longshore Current undertow that transports sediment particles

14-2 Waves Types of Waves Whitecaps Swells white, foaming waves with very steep crests break in the open ocean Swells rolling waves that move in a steady procession across the ocean

14-2 Waves Types of Waves Tsunamis waves that form when a large volume of ocean water is suddenly moved up or down caused by… earthquakes volcanoes landslides

14-3 Tides Tides Daily movement of the ocean water Change the level of the ocean’s surface Influenced by the sun and moon

14-3 Tides Tides High Tide Low Tide Where the water will bulge toward the moon Low Tide Where water will drain away between high tides

14-3 Tides Tides Timing Due to the rotation of the Earth and moon Moon orbits the Earth slower than rotation Causes tides to change position

14-3 Tides Tide Types Tidal Range The difference between levels of ocean water High and low tide

14-3 Tides Tide Types Spring Tides When sun, Earth, and moon are in alignment Maximum tide Happen every 14 days

14-3 Tides Tide Types Neap Tide When sun, Earth, and moon form a 90 degree angle Minimum daily range