Russia & Japan: Industrialization Outside the West Chapter 27 Pg

Defying the Odds  Russia & Japan as exceptions: Heritage of selective borrowing Heritage of selective borrowing Industrialized w/o offending traditionalists through full westernization Industrialized w/o offending traditionalists through full westernization

Russia “Reform???&Advance???”

Responses to Liberal Ideas  Increasingly conservative to prevent Western revolutionary ideas : Catherine the Great : Catherine the Great : Alexander I : Alexander I Key voice at Congress of Vienna for church & monarch powerKey voice at Congress of Vienna for church & monarch power 1825: Decembrist Uprising 1825: Decembrist Uprising Western educated military officers (supported by intellectuals) pushed for liberal reformsWestern educated military officers (supported by intellectuals) pushed for liberal reforms : Nicholas I : Nicholas I Repressed opponents; controlled schools & newspapersRepressed opponents; controlled schools & newspapers

Impacts of Growing Conservatism  Stagnant economy & growing gap w/ West Serf labor Serf labor Exports = grain Exports = grain Only ↑ production from ↑ territory & obligations Only ↑ production from ↑ territory & obligations  Focus on expansion & military Central Asia & Ottoman lands to south Central Asia & Ottoman lands to south Crimean War ( ) Crimean War ( ) Russia v. Ottomans for Crimea & BalkansRussia v. Ottomans for Crimea & Balkans Russia defeated by Ottoman allies – industrialized BritainRussia defeated by Ottoman allies – industrialized Britain

Crimean War = Turning Point  Embarrassment & inferiority sparked reform Economic growth for military strength Economic growth for military strength 1. Emancipation of Serfs (1861) 2. Industrialization (1880-)

Reform#1: End Serfdom Advances:  Freed serfs given land  Local political councils formed  Basic education & literacy rates rose  Women gained new access to jobs Limitations:  Redemption payments required  Tsarist control & nobility maintained  Population growth & discontent

Reform#2: Industrialization Advances:  State-sponsored  Rapid industrialization through foreign investment  Focused on mining & metal-working; 4 th in world steel production  Freed serfs provided growing urban labor force Limitations:  Small middle-class, lacked middle-class initiative  50% of factories foreign owned  Advance result of size & mineral wealth rather than tech  Agriculture remained backward

railroads – 1870s - spur iron & coal production

Impacts of Limited Reforms  Social unrest grew Famine, attacks on minorities (pogroms) Famine, attacks on minorities (pogroms) Intelligentsia called for fuller political rights & freedoms of schools/press Intelligentsia called for fuller political rights & freedoms of schools/press Increasingly radical – birth of Bolsheviks & LeninIncreasingly radical – birth of Bolsheviks & Lenin  Lost Russo-Japanese War in 1905 aided revolution of 1905 aided revolution of 1905 Created monarchy limited by parliament (Duma)Created monarchy limited by parliament (Duma) Autocracy gradually returned as Duma stripped of powerAutocracy gradually returned as Duma stripped of power

Revolution of 1905 “The people believe in thee. They have made up their minds to gather at the Winter Palace tomorrow at 2 pm to lay their needs before thee. Do not fear anything. Stand tomorrow before us and accept our humblest petition..” --from Father Georgi Gapon, leader of the Assembly of Russian workers “Suddenly the company of Cossacks galloped rapidly towards us with drawn swords. So, then, it was to be a massacre after all! …the soldiers drove their horses, striking on both sides… men, women and children dropping to the earth like logs of wood, while moans, curses and shouts filled the air.” --from Father Georgi Gapon, The Story of My Life

Timeline  : Reign of Catherine the Great  1825: Decembrist Uprising  : Nicholas I & growing repression 1854 = Crimean War 1854 = Crimean War  1861: Serfs emancipated  : Industrialization (Trans-Siberian Railroad) Industrialization (Trans-Siberian Railroad) Growing repression Growing repression 1905 = Russo-Japanese War 1905 = Russo-Japanese War  1905: Revolution